Why Keeping Data Populations Separate is Crucial to the Validity and Article

Why Keeping Data Populations Separate is Crucial to the Validity and Integrity of Process Capability Calculations - Article Example This can guarantee that an enduring relationship results. At the point when all gatherings comprehend what they are managing, the relationship may develop into something more grounded. This can make everybody benefit from the business exchange. They could likewise recognize what they can accomplish for them to be content with their providers. The QMS for the organization could request the structure of activities by the providers. The various procedures utilized by the providers could be reported. This can give space to diminish approaching review since it would be costly. Having the providers give proof of competent and controlled procedures, they may control provider forms. Arranging visits to their providers could be an essentially stupendous chance. This can cause them to guarantee that the procedures are competent, and controlled. The organization needing providers could factor the expense of the underlying and on-going provider visits along with the all out expense of value. This is to help in the company’s sourcing choice procedure. The QMS could guarantee that the providers utilize fit estimating gear. This could guarantee that almost no blunders are accounted for in the ability considers. Estimation ability studies can be done by the providers with the parts they make for the organization. They can do this while making duplicates for the organization to ensure their validity. To guarantee that the organization isn't answerable for any disparities in estimation, the organization needs to decide and record their own estimation abilities. It is essentially crucial for organizations that need providers to guarantee that they get the incentive for their cash. In the event that they should be ready to go and bring in cash, they have to confide in their providers. The faith in their framework ought to be sufficient motivation to guarantee that their uprightness isn't compromised.â

Juvenile Punishment essays

Adolescent Punishment articles A genuine inquiry has been acted like to whether youngsters ought to be treated as grown-ups when they carry out genuine violations. Shockingly, nobody knows the appropriate response. Each case ought to be dealt with dependent on its own realities and conditions encompassing the wrongdoing that was submitted. Would it be a good idea for us to as society permit youngsters to perpetrate genuine wrongdoings and pull off them? Are the guardians the ones who ought to be considered capable? Would it be a good idea for us to permit a multi year old who has submitted murder to run free through our neighborhoods and schools? What discipline should an adolescent get for assaulting their nearby neighbor? The adolescent wrongdoing issue is anything but another issue; it has been on the ascent for quite a while. With the FBI detailing an about fourfold increment in the homicide capture pace of individuals under 17 from 1965 to 1992, adolescent equity change has become a national fixation. (Matza 1) People are currently seeing what ought to be done about this issue, when they ought to have considered that quite a while in the past. New laws are being spent ordinary and new projects established to attempt to bring down the quantities of violations submitted by adolescents, however what number of are truly working? Adolescents who perpetrate genuine violations ought to get increasingly genuine disciplines. A portion of the kids originate from damaging homes and an individual could state this is a piece of the issue. Be that as it may, would it be advisable for us to accuse the guardians or rebuff the guardians for the activities of their kids? A few people contend that kids are not developed enough to be considered responsible for their activities. The way that they were sufficiently adult to carry out the wrongdoing in any case says that they are full grown enough to assume liability for their activities. Some state that kids are not fit for comprehension and don't grow intellectually until between the ages of 18 and 21. So how are adolescents permitted to drive if so? Genuine wrongdoings ought to get genuine disciplines paying little mind to whom or how old the per... <! Adolescent Punishment expositions The inquiry: Should youngsters who perpetrate fierce wrongdoings be attempted as grown-ups? has been bantered for quite a long time. For example, on an October night of 1998, Shaun Miller, 15 years of age, and three of his different companions burglarized a store in an unassuming community of Nevada. The most seasoned one, 19 years of age, arranged the wrongdoing and held the weapon to the clerks head. Shaun, unarmed, took $726 from the sales register; this was gotten on the tape (Rimer Should youngsters who carry out brutal violations be attempted as grown-ups? What about Shaun Miller who was unarmed and sat idle however take $726 from the money registershould he be charged as a grown-up? The response to both of these inquiries is YES! I accept that regardless of how old an adolescent is, on the off chance that they can carry out a wrongdoing, they are liable for their activities. Like Shaun Miller, despite the fact that he was unarmed, he was there and made part in the move. In the grown-up framework, the issue of a pioneers or supporters is superfluous on the grounds that each individual is appeared to be identical. This is unique in relation to the adolescent framework where supporters are condemned less seriously than pioneers (Rimer What age is youth consider as grown-ups? Age plays a significant factor in deciding whether youth ought to be charged as grown-ups or adolescents for wrongdoings that they submit. The discussion of when do youngsters become grown-ups has shifted starting with one period then onto the next. For instance, in the Middle Ages, kids who were seven were considered as grown-up on the grounds that they could cultivate and work in the fields (Bartollas and Miller, 1994). During the Renaissance, kids from poor families became grown-ups at seven, yet for privileged youngsters they became grown-ups af... <!

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Scavenger Hunt at Tuck

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Scavenger Hunt at Tuck When you select an MBA program, you are not just choosing your learning environment, but are also committing to becoming part of a community. Each Thursday, we offer a window into life “beyond the MBA classroom” at a top business school. The scavenger hunt at the Amos Tuck School of Business Administration at Dartmouth College happens at the very beginning of the year and is organized by second-year students for the incoming first-year students. However, very little “hunting” actually takes place. The students enjoy carnival games and tricycle rides, three-legged races and bobbing for apples. Students form teams, and each team dresses in costume according to a theme of its choosing. A recent graduate described her team experience to mbaMission by saying, “One team wore colors of the rainbow. Another group dressed as characters from the movie Zoolander.” For in-depth descriptions of social and community activities at Tuck and 13 other top MBA programs, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Beyond the MBA Classroom Dartmouth College (Tuck)

Analysis Of Jeffrey Goldberg s Article, The Four...

When it comes to critiquing Jeffrey Goldberg’s article, the four constellations of issues approach will be used. The first constellation comprises of humanitarian disasters and respect for sovereignty. Many Americans like Samantha Powers believe in the doctrine known as â€Å"responsibility to protect† (Page 4). Thus to people like her, sovereignty should not be considered â€Å"inviolate† provided that a country is â€Å"slaughtering its own citizens† (Page 4). President Obama does not agree with Samantha Powers (unless there is a direct security threat) and Russia vehemently disagrees with that doctrine. Analyzing Putin’s 2007 Munich Security Conference speech, he believes in respecting other nation’s right to self-govern the way they see fit (Page 2). For instance, Putin says â€Å"What will happen with Kosovo and Serbia? Only Kosovars and Serbs can know. Let’s not tell them how they should live their lives. There is no need to play God and resolve all of these peoples’ problems† (Page 18). This basically means that even in the face of â€Å"atrocities† or other humanitarian disasters; respect for sovereignty is still top priority for Putin and Russia. In contrast, the doctrine â€Å"responsibility to protect† usually lead to intervention in the face of atrocities committed by various individuals in different countries. On the face of it, it seems as if Russia is â€Å"cold-hearted† whereas the West and the U.S. appears noble for their fight against atrocities. However, Putin adds that interferenceShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pages 6:52 PM Page ii 100092 00 i-vi r1 rr.qxp 5/13/11 6:52 PM Page iii THE INNOVATOR’S DNA MASTERING THE FIVE SKILLS OF DISRUPTIVE INNOVATORS Jeff Dyer Hal Gregersen Clayton M. Christensen H A R VA R D B U S I N E S S R E V I E W P R E S S BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 100092 00 i-vi r1 rr.qxp 5/13/11 6:52 PM Page iv Copyright 2011 Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, and Clayton M. Christensen All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4

Martin Luther King, And Nelson Mandela - 1678 Words

Throughout history, many political leaders have transcendental ideas and beliefs, such as Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela, but there are many that do not conform to transcendental ideas, such as Alexander Hamilton and Joseph Stalin. It can also be noted that those who have transcendental ideas are 20th-century thinkers and politicians while those who are not transcendentalist thinker are 18th-century politicians. People such as Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela had their political career after the nineteenth-century transcendentalist movement, while Alexander Hamilton had his political career prior to the movement. Joseph Stalin is different, his political philosophy he follows was created at the same time as the†¦show more content†¦King commented on nonviolence by saying, â€Å"Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral.† This quote shows how Martin Luther King was against nonviolence as he says it is immoral.This philos ophy gives advice on how to live nonviolently, similar to how Thoreau would give his readers advice on how to become one with nature. Martin Luther King’s final idea was practicing nonviolent protest in order to achieve a goal or reform. King, with many other people, in the 1950s and 1960s practiced nonviolent protest in order to achieve his goal of ending segregations, and believes equal rights for blacks across the United States. Martin Luther King’s practice of nonviolence is directly borrowed from Thoreau s work of Civil Disobedience and Nonviolent Resistance, King even commented on the use of nonviolence by saying, â€Å"The teachings of Thoreau came alive in our civil rights movement.† In conclusion, Martin Luther King can be considered a transcendental thinker due to the philosophies he created, the Triple Evil philosophy and Six Principles of Nonviolence philosophy, as well as his practice of nonviolence. Another modern transcendentalist thinker is Nelson Mandela. Throughout Mandela’s life, he has shown to believe in many different forms ofShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King And Nelson Mandela880 Words   |  4 Pagesis about the differences and similarities of two famous historical figures, Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela. Some of the topics I will cover include the backgrounds of the individuals, where are they from, the achievements and accolades and public perception of these people and my personal opinion about everything accomplished in their lives. Mandela and King have some similarities in their lives. Nelson Mandela was born in July 18, 1918 and was a South African against racial segregationRead MoreComparing Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela1041 Words   |  5 Pagesthat are comparable in both the lives of Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela. I. Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela performed similar actions in their lives. A. In 1955, Martin Luther King, Jr., fought for the civil rights of the black population in America. B. Similarly, in South Africa, Nelson Mandela fought for the freedom of blacks from apartheid. II. Another similarity between King and Mandela is that they had the same beliefs. A. King firmly supported his nonviolence protestRead MoreMahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela1504 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela Non-violence is a concept that people participate in social and political change without violence. It is a form of social and political change between passive acceptances and armed struggle. Non-violence way to participate in the social and political change is including nonviolent civil disobedience against, acts of civil disobedience or other powerful influence uncooperative antagonistic form; it is similar with pacifism, but it is notRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela2298 Words   |  10 Pagesaspirations were materialized because of firm beliefs and philosophies which were indoctrinated into the minds and crafted on the brains of their followers. â€Å"I have a dream† as laid down in the profound speech of Martin Luther King Jr. in August 1963; Ghandi’s belief of a changed Indian society; Nelson Mandela’s firm belief in freedom, to name a few, were realized decades after. However, undoubtedly these beliefs ‘dictated actions’, Be nnett (2009). Though not a great philosopher or freedom fighter, it isRead MoreBiography Of Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, And Nelson Mandela1430 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership.The word leadership was once thought of as something that you were born with, hence the very popular saying Great leaders are born, not made (What Makes An Effective Leader). Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela were all great examples of people who were natural born leaders. These three leaders were very charismatic, which enabled them to gather many followers. To some extent, being born a leader was true because according to David Celeste, Qualities such as charismaRead MoreMohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, and Martin Luther King Jr. were True Inspirations608 Words   |  2 PagesA man known as the â€Å"father of the Indian nation†, Mohandas Gandhi, also known as Mahatma, was a man of true inspiration. He inspired well known civil-rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, and also revolutionary scientist Einstein. Gandhi was well known for using peaceful methods such as peace marches, boycotts, and sit-ins. Most people could call Gandhi the father of peace, for it was he who help the world recognize the effectiveness of non-violence. Gandhi’s peaceful ideals helpRead MorePeople Who Changed THE World1142 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity People Who Changed the World Nelson Mandela was one of the greatest social and political peacemakers that ever lived. His accomplishments were world changing. Mandela was not always able to pursue his democratic dreams nonviolently but that was his desire. Unfortunately, the South African Government felt it necessary to punish nonviolent protestors to discourage their cause (Book, 2009). As a leader in the African National Congress, (ANC), Mandela had to stay strong to be a contender inRead MoreGke 1 Task 21300 Words   |  6 PagesNelson Mandela was known as a world leader for his role in fighting apartheid and being the first multi-racial president of South Africa. His presidency created a significant change in the perception and building of a multiracial society in South Africa and around the world. Nelson Mandela was also known to be a leader of a civil rights organization known as the African National Congress. The purpose of the African National Congress was to demolish racial segregation and discriminati on. The two mostRead MoreLeaders for Social and Political Change1007 Words   |  5 Pagesas well as personal and political struggles. From the many injustices our predecessors have overcome, leaders have emerged. Individuals who will forever be revered by millions and will hopefully continue to inspire our youth. Nelson Mandela and Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. are two leaders that have greatly impacted not only their country, but the world. Both of these leaders had a significant impact on the people of their cause, both in a political aspect as well as for social change. InRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagesaround human rights race relationships and power. In this paper, I will focus on the themes of racism, human rights, and power and how history makers such as Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, and Mahatma Gandhi (just to name these few) helped to redress them to an extent and how theirs efforts shape contemporary events. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on 15 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia and is one of the most remembered Human Rights Activists in America history. He is remembered for his nonviolent

The Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan - 922 Words

How much do you really know about the food you eat? Reading the book â€Å"The Omnivore s Dilemma† by Michael Pollan,†Getting Real About the High Price of Our Cheap Food† by Bryan Walsh, and the movie â€Å"Food Inc.† gave me an idea of how our food is made and what is in it. Also reading the books gave me an idea, Michael Pollan mostly talked about corn and Bryan Walsh talking about high prices of our cheap food. Robert Kenner explains how we should look into our food to save us from getting sick or becoming obese. Michael Pollans argument is how corn is in everything we eat. His claim is, most of what we eat is corn, in one way or another. Corn is in pills, diapers, charcoal, and batteries.That’s crazy. We don’t eat batteries or diapers. When we eat our food it just doesn t taste like a ball of corn. His evidence is corn feeds the steer that becomes your steak, the chicken that lays your eggs, the pig that becomes your pork, the catfish in the catfish farm, and the corn that feeds your dairy cow that becomes your milk, cheese and ice cream. Everybody thinks since corn is a Bunn 2 vegetable it’s in all of our foods we’re eating healthier and getting our vegetables but were not. Just because corn is a vegetable doesn t mean the corn in our food is healthy. Most of the corn in our bad foods is High Fructose Corn Syrup. It’s that sweet taste in most of our foods but just because its made out of corn doesn t mean it s healthier for us. All that extra stuff is doing is addingShow MoreRelatedThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan1423 Words   |  6 PagesBilger s piece, Nature s Spoils, explores the abnormal way of eating, which is the fermentation of food. It is usually a safe practice, and also produces vitamins in the making. The Omnivore s Dilemma by Michael Pollan expresses the problem of how humans select food. In How Do We Choose What to Eat? by Susan Bowerman she points out the influences on people’s life that affects their eating habits. By using Bowerman’s article as the keystone, Nature’s Spoils and Th e Omnivore’s Dilemma can be comparedRead MoreOmnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan1657 Words   |  7 PagesBenecia Felix COL:Earth Book Review Omnivore’s Dilemma By Michael Pollan Michael Pollan is the author of several New York Times bestseller books including the Omnivore’s Dilemma. He is a professor of journalism at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. Michael Pollan’s perspective on food is that we should know what is in it and where it comes from, who grows it and how. The theme of this book is the industrial revolution for food. Its purpose is to make awareness that our food is gettingRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan922 Words   |  4 PagesReading the book â€Å"The Omnivore s Dilemma† by Michael Pollan,†Getting Real About the High Price of Our Cheap Food† by Bryan Walsh, and the movie â€Å"Food Inc.† gave me an idea of how our food is made and what is in it. Also reading the books gave me an idea, Michael Pollan mostly talked about corn and Bryan Walsh talking about high prices of our cheap food. Robert Kenner explains how we should look into our food to save us from getting sick or beco ming obese. Michael Pollans argument is how corn isRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan1412 Words   |  6 Pagesyou think about the food you choose to eat? In The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Michael Pollan weaves through personal anecdotes, scientific studies, and thought-provoking questions about ethics and the human condition in order to force readers to think more critically about their meals. The book’s overarching theme, addressed directly and indirectly over and over again, is that America is afflicted with a â€Å"national eating disorder.† As omnivores and citizens of a highly developed nation, we are confrontedRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan2402 Words   |  10 PagesThe Omnivore’s Dilemma, written by Michael Pollan, gives light to the question, â€Å"What should we have for dinner?† that he thinks Americans today cannot answer simply due to the fact that there are too many food options. This book serves as an eye-opener to ch allenge readers to be more aware and accountable of what is consumed daily. In order to understand fully where our food comes from, we must follow it back to the very beginning. Pollan goes on to discuss three different modern food chains inRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan is a comprehensive look into the present day food culture of the United States. Throughout the book the author tries to find out the true composition of the diet that is consumed by Americans on a daily basis. There is an excessive dependence by the American population on the government to know which food is good for them. This paper will critically analyze the book as well as the stance that the author has taken. Since there is a deluge of information aboutRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan940 Words   |  4 Pagesentirely healthy for me. Michael Pollan, who is the author of the book The Omnivore’s Di lemma, has opened my mind. While reading the first couple of chapters of The Omnivore’s Dilemma, I’ve realized that I don’t know much about the food I eat daily. For example, I didn’t know that farmers not only feed corn but also antibiotics to their animals (Walsh 34). In The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Pollan makes a strange statement, â€Å"You are what what you eat eats, too† (Pollan 84). Pollan continuously emphasizesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Omnivore s Dilemma, By Michael Pollan2030 Words   |  9 PagesThis act increased the amount of farm land that is meant to be used in the States for growing corn from 60 million acres to a whopping 90 million acres. Such a significant increase cannot go without some kind of effect. Writer, Michael Pollan, in his book â€Å"The Omnivore’s Dilemma†, discusses the instability of the US farming industry as well as the negative environmental implications corn has on us. This instability and enviro nmental impact has given rise to movements promoting a return to more organicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan1767 Words   |  8 PagesIn the book Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan, he talks about our national eating disorders started and the impact it has on the world. Pollan argues with the nature of its supermarket and how it is linked to our food production. In saying this where do these foods come from? What are they made of? And who produces it? His self-discoveries covers the ins and out of our food systems through industrials corn, pastoral grass (organic food), and the forest (hunting-gathering). In the Chapter â€Å"OurRead MoreAbstarct. This Paper Will Review And Discuss Michael Pollan’S1444 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma, A Natural History of Four Meals, which was named a New York Times best seller. Michael holds the prestigious title of the John S. and James L. Knig ht Professor of Journalism at Berkeley, as well as being a contributor to the New York Times Magazine. He also has the distinction of being named one of the one hundred most influential people in the world by Time magazine. The author will discuss the book, its references to the omnivores dilemma, but most

Divorced, Beheaded, Survived free essay sample

Death is a peculiar thing. Everyone reacts to it in different ways. And no one seems to fully understand what to do, what to say and how to react when death occurs in the family or in the family in one’s circle of friends. It seems that man can’t really understand why it happens. At least not when it is someone one cares about. But it happens, and there is nothing else to do about it, than survive and move on with one’s life. This is the subject treated in Robin Blacks shortstory â€Å"†¦ Divorced, Beheaded, Survived† (2010). The shortstory is the story of a woman who loses her big brother, Terry, to sickness at a very young age. It is also a story about how her brother and she used to play with the other children who lived close by, and how they stopped playing after Terry died. The main character also describes how she tries to protect her children from this awful phenomenon that death is, but how she is unable to do so as her son’s friend dies in the end. We will write a custom essay sample on Divorced, Beheaded, Survived or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main character who acts as a past tense narrator, does not tell much about herself. To be clear she does not describe many of the characters at all. The fact that there are very few adjectives and adverbs shows the reader that one must use ones imagination, the characters are not important for they could be anyone in such a neighborhood. The reader relates to the story in a different way than they normally would, because they have to use their own experiences to fill out the missing pieces of the personalities of the characters. The person the narrator tells about the most, is Terry or Terrance as he is actually called. The narrator describes how he plays Anne Boleyn with much character and liveliness. Page 2, line 6-9 â€Å"(†¦) was undoubtedly the most convincing. Once, he stole a dress from our mother’s closet – a red-and-white Diane von Furstenberg wraparound so he could use the beltlike part to hold the couch-pillow baby, the future Queen Elizabeth, in place. ‘Oh, Hal,’ he cooed. † He is a happy boy and has no worries, until he gets sick. This turns his life upside down and it changes him, which one could imagine is only natural for a child when it gets sick. Page 4, line 103-104 â€Å"He stopped being the boy who would throw himself into anything that seemed like fun. † The narrator loves seeing her brother play Anne Boleyn, she thinks he is very convincing in the role. Page 2, line 12 â€Å"It was worth giving up the role yourself just to watch Terry give it his all. † The fact that it is Terry that is often chosen to play Anne Boleyn, even though they all want to play her, could be a symbol of fate choosing him to get sick and die. It might as well have been one of the other kids, as well as it could have been one of the other kids who could have played the role. This is shown in the part of the story where Anne Boleyn dies, and Terry has to play the dying woman. Page 4, line 99-101 â€Å"And Terry would hold his face in both hands, his shoulders heaving in enormous, racking, make-believe sobs. But in real life, it was all silent hours. Vacant stares. † The game of playing Anne Boleyn could also be a symbol of the children losing something. Anne Boleyn loses her head and life, Terry loses his life and the narrator loses her brother, her friends and a part of her childhood. At this point it is only the first part of the rhyme that is used. Page 3, line 43 â€Å"Divorced, beheaded, died. † But as the children move on with their lives, learn to live with the loss of a friend and a brother, and some of them meet again even though they do not talk, the rest of the rhyme appears in their life. And this time it holds a whole new meaning. Page 6, line 174 â€Å"Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived. † The structure of the text is a bit messy but it still manages to give the reader a good and continuous view of the narrator’s life. The fact that the first 1,5 pages focuses on her childhood with the games and her brother, gives the reader a strong sense that it is a chapter of her life that ended when her brother died. But as she continuously mentions her brother, one also understands that her brother is still with her, even though he belongs to an ended chapter. And as she moves on with her life, and survives, she keeps him with her in a more secure way and without getting scared of forgetting about him. Page 5, line 153-156 â€Å"the truth is sometimes even more than a day goes by before I remember to think of my brother (†¦) Maybe it’s a gift to be able to let go of remembering. Some times. Some things. † The narrator tells us about her family and how her son loses his friend in the end of the text, this is a way to tell the reader that it can happen to anyone, and that it is possible to move on. It is possible to survive the death of someone dear. But never to forget it, a person lost will always be remembered one way or another, intentionally or not.

Reflection Letter free essay sample

It was my actions that have caused me all these mess and according to the lessons I have learnt in the Academic Integrity Seminar, I believe in high degree of integrity from today. My friend and I were caught cheating on quizzes and online tests. Unfortunately, our instructor caught us red-handed and we were referred to the Office of Student Conduct. My relaxed efforts on academics led me into all these mess. Instead of going to do more studies on previously learnt topics, my peers and would go to the clubs and any other place that we could have fun and forgot our academic roots were more important.Only to find that had nothing to offer whenever there was an exam. Thats when my best friend would suggest that we improvise a way in which we can acquire high grades and achieve academic scholarship. The truth is that our efforts were imposing a great danger in my academic and personal life. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This kind of incidences has also happened to my peers especially my best friend. To avoid such a circumstance occurring again in my life, I have decided to take my studies more seriously. Again, I have decided to make proper preparations in my studies prior to examination period or any other test and quiz. Eave also cited to avoid the bad groups or peers in the campus and choose a company with good academic morals. During the Academic Integrity Seminar, have learnt that I am only destroying my life. Am a person with great vision for my life, my county and the entire world. I dont want to shun this away. My knowledge on ethics and integrity has gone a notch higher. Being able to know that ethics and integrity is part of my scholar achievement during my academic life, its an assurance that I will practice it both in college and after college. This lesson on integrity will go a long way in my life as I have to reactive even at work place.Knowledge without ethics and integrity is harm to a scholars life. I went through all the modules in the integrity seminar and learnt that some Of us fall victims Of plagiarism knowingly or knowingly. We have to include citations in our term papers whenever we use work from other authors whether its from the internet or from any other public sources. We should not have the assumptions that the sources belong to the community. From now onwards, I will make sure that cite any reference that quote in my academic term papers and any life research papers I work on.

What Warren Buffets eating habits can teach you about your career

What Warren Buffets eating habits can teach you about your career Have you ever heard the phrase â€Å"you are what you eat†? It may be a well-worn clichà ©, but it still contains an important point: your diet is a reflection of your behavior, habits, and routine, which all go a long way into how you operate in other facets of your life- including your career and professional pursuits. It’s true: looking at someone’s diet can give you a real glimpse into the rest of his or her life. According to a recent article by Entrepreneur, a good diet powers a strong mind, serves to properly fuel you as you pursue your daily goals, and helps boost your focus, memory, and sharpness. So, if you’re looking to get on the fast track to success, why not try to follow in the footsteps of someone who has already made it there?You couldn’t choose a more successful person to focus on than Warren Buffet, legendary investor and one of the world’s wealthiest individuals. It can be a challenge to quickly pinpoint why Buffet has ac hieved such stratospheric levels of success in a field where so many others have tried and failed, but perhaps a glimpse into his eating habits might help shed some light. Keep reading!It may surprise you that Warren Buffet is a self-proclaimed junk food junky. It’s true- when asked, he has no problem jokingly telling others that he has the diet of a typical six-year-old. Sugary sodas, processed meals, and snack foods that would not be considered â€Å"nutritious† factor largely into his daily eating routine. Not exactly what the average nutritionist would endorse if you want your mind and body working at their optimum levels.However, if you think this is a ringing endorsement of unhealthy eating habits and a green light for you to live on junk food in order to achieve your career goals, think again! While we aren’t saying that the secret to success lies at the bottom of a bag of potato chips or a glass of soda, there are some hidden lessons to be learned from h ow Warren Buffet makes eating choices in his life.Don’t follow trends.It’s tough to go through an entire day without hearing about the dangers of junk food and why eating all sorts of healthy meals or getting on the latest fad diets are essential for getting your life on track and keeping it there. In fact, it takes a really strong-willed person who marches to the beat of their own drummer to ignore these messages. And that’s part of what makes Buffet a success- he doesn’t follow trends when he eats or invests, he sticks to his instincts and what he knows best, and he thinks outside of the box when making decisions. You won’t see Buffet following the latest trends when he eats a meal or makes an investment decision, and not following the crowd has helped him achieve success.Pursue what you like.Buffet likes junk food and processed meals, so that’s what he reaches for when he’s hungry. Simple. His approach to life is a lot like his app roach to meal choices. He follows his passion and pleasures, one of which is investing, and it has helped him achieve sustained, long-term success over many decades. Buffet is well into his 80s and he’s still going strong!Eat quickly and get on with your life.Buffet does not spend a lot of time and effort on making complicated meal choices. When he’s hungry, he grabs something quick and close by and moves on to other more important tasks and challenges in his day. The truth is, there are a limited number of hours in a day, and successful people like Buffet would rather spend precious time working towards achieving goals than planning nutritious meals. The lesson here is make the most of your time and devote your energy towards achieving your goals.Here’s the bottom line- a diet full of junk food won’t make you an instant success like Buffet, but following the thought process he employs to various areas in his life, from food to investing, can help you ach ieve your goals. Staying focused and committed, following your instincts instead of trends, and pursuing your passion might be the right recipe for success in your life!

How Local Merchants Can Work Together to Slow the Money in Ashland Essay

How Local Merchants Can Work Together to Slow the Money in Ashland - Essay Example This will circulate the money within the boundaries of Ashland and the profits generated by the local businesses would benefit the economy as a whole in terms of business expansions and growth. The merchants have started their businesses in Ashland for the convenience of residency they have in Ashland. They had put in their finances in different businesses like food, clothing etc. to make all necessary products available in the market for the people. For a success in business, Ashland’s entrepreneurs need to invest wisely in the business that has more demand and less supply. The reputation of businesses and awareness about ‘slow money’ ideas to develop the economy of Ashland is necessary to attract more local consumers. The local economy, with the help of proper marketing of the products, services and awareness about local circularization of money to improve the economy, would grow. The local merchants support each other as they have maintained good relationships between them. They may work together to improve the social and economic conditions of Ashland and reduce the crime rates, disputes and poverty that prevail

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - Term Paper Example Despite the fact that the common causes of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are not very clear, it is important to note that experts consider testosterone and other related hormones and major causes of BPH. This is a direct implication that BPH androgens have to present for BPH to occur in a patient’s body. This is evidence by the fact that boys who are castrated do not develop the disease when they age. This is because such people do not produce the hormone testosterone and other related hormones that are closely associated with this condition. It is difficult to prove that the occurrence of BPH is associated with some environmental conditions and lifestyle. However, there may be genetic links to the disease. This is because studies have indicated that sons of men who were previously diagnosed with BPH tend to be more probable to contract this disease. This is an implication of the presence of genetic link to the disease (Bachmann, & Rosette, 2011). The disease only affects males and is proven to affect only the older men. It has not been proven that BPH can affect boys under the age of 20 and it is for this reason that the disease is associated with older men. BPH begins with both the stromal cells and the epithelial cells undergoing hyperplasia. In the process, a number of fibroadenomatous nodules form in the prostate around its periurethral region. The progressive growth of the nodules displaces the fibro-muscular prostate peripherally and the condition progresses. This results into the lengthening and narrowing of the prostatic urethral lumen. As a result, the outflow of urine is gradually obstructed (In Kaplan et al, 2014). Increased pressure, which is associated with bladder distention and micturition, can progress to trabeculation, the formation of cellule and diverticulitis. During the progressive

How Successful are Pap Smears?

How Successful are Pap Smears? How successful are pap smears in detecting cervical and uterine cancers? George Nicholas Papanicolaou established the Pap smear in the 18th century when he became intrigued by the guinea pigs vaginal smears as he was studying them. He quickly began to start his research on the female reproductive system, most specifically the different cytology slides he could obtain. His stake in the field was his book published in 1943, â€Å"Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer by Vaginal Smear.† It covered topics like physiological changes of a menstrual cycle, the hormones incorporated, and vaginal smears that led to his classifications of disease and malignancies. This jump started the screening for cervical cancer and can attest to a significant decline in cases of cervical cancer. Later, he published another book specific to just distinguishing between healthy and diseased tissue throughout the entire body. These two publications were just two of the four he finished in his life on top of awards and honorary degrees. (Tan, 2015) Papanicolaou was certainly a huge help in the advancement of cytology reporting. Since then, we have been able to learn and understand more about pap smears, cervical cancer and the role pap smears plays in diagnosing them. Although both cancers begin in the same area, the uterus; we can differentiate them by their pathophysiology’s. The question really stands, how successful are pap smears in detecting these cancers? This can be argued on a few bases, but sticking to the facts we can find out how successful they are, how they can be preventive, and what to expect if a woman does find herself diagnosed. Several factors can be taken into account such as the pathogenesis, level of disease, the manifestations, precipitating factors, and several more. Uterine and Cervical cancers both come with their own etiologies, epidemiology’s and prognosis. There are a few different ways to screen for cervical cancer, and this will look directly into the Pap smear procedure. The Pap smear allows for a better look into the cells in the cervix, the opening of the uterus. The test is looking for cancerous and abnormal cells that could lead to cancerous outcomes. In the test an obstetrician- gynecologist will scrape away a portion of cervix cells. The use of a speculum helps the doctor keep the walls of the cervix open to have a clear view and retrieve a good sample. The specimen will then be tested in a controlled laboratory setting where a technician will observe for abnormalities. An official cytology report will be sent to the doctor and then given back to the patient for further counsel if needed. Results will be abnormal or negative (normal). Several sources believe the Pap smear to be very accurate in the screening of cervical cancer. It also is a very preventive measure to take, as long as the patient is compliant with the doctor’s guidelines. By detecting cervical cancer early, treatment can begin to decrease the risk of spreading and growth of the tumors. Pap smears have been estimated to reduce cervical cancer rates and mortality by 80%. (Weber, 2017) In comparison, up to 80% of women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer have not received a pap smear in the past 5 years. (Stà ¶ppler) CIN or, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition of abnormal cell growth on the cervix. Intraepithelial means that the abnormal cells are growing on the surface or the epithelial tissue of the cervix. Neoplasia is referring to the growth of new cells. Signs and symptoms can be obvious but can also resemble several conditions that females could encounter. These symptoms can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, bleeding after sexual intercourse, pelvic pain, discharge, and pain during sexual intercourse. (Stà ¶ppler) It is recommended that women start getting pap smears at the age or 21. This is most important if you are HIV positive or have a weakened immune system. (Weber, 2017)   These screenings should continue from ages 21 to 29 with cytology alone every 3 years. From ages 30-65, women should continue cytology screening every three years and add HPV testing. After 65 no screening is necessary as long past screenings are normal and no high risk is present. (Boardman, 2018) Over the years professionals have found it difficult to all be on the same page about reporting. Some levels of abnormal results can include atypia, mild, moderate, severe dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ. The creation of the Bethesda System has given one reporting system for all health care professionals. In 1988 the National Cancer Institute held a conference for the creation of this system, it was then re-evaluated in 2001. There are four major classifications that make it easier for this universal system to work. â€Å"ASC-US: This abbreviation stands for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. LSIL: This abbreviation stands for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Under the old system of classification, this category was called CIN grade I. HSIL: This abbreviation stands for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Under the old system of classification, this category was called CIN grade II, CIN grade III, or CIS. ASC-H: This means atypical cells are present and HSIL cannot be excluded.† (Stà ¶ppler) CIN cases are most always caused by infection with oncogenic types of HPV or, Human Papillomavirus.   There are 12 known types of high risk HPV, which are the most prevalent associations with cervical cancer. Cervical cancer results from a genital infection with HPV, a known human carcinogen. Because most HPV infections are transient or, passing in and out of existence in a patient, it causes only temporary changes in cervical cells. (National Cancer Institute, 2014)   About 90% of HPV infections clear on their own within months to years with no sequelae. (Boardman, 2108) This makes it difficult to catch the HPV infection and in turn cervical cancer. Too frequent of screenings might be problematic for several reasons. One being that treating these abnormalities thinking it was HPV but that went away anyways would cause unnecessary stress on the patient. Also, putting strain on the cervix several times in any period of time can weaken the tissue and could ultimately affect the woman’s fertility. Interestingly enough, it can take up to 20 years for a persistent infection with a high risk HPV to become cancerous. (National Cancer Institute, 2014) Low risk HPV infections rarely or almost never cause cervical cancer. (Boardman, 2018) However if lesions are found and not treated, they are more than likely to turn into cervical cancer. (National Cancer Institute, 2014) There are different levels of cervical cancer that decipher the progression on epithelial tissue. CIN grade 1 is low grade neoplasia involves around one-third of the thickness of the epithelium. CIN 2 refers to the abnormal changes in about one to two-thirds of the layer. CIN 3 is the most severe affecting over two-thirds of the epithelium. 5% of HPV infected patients will acquire CIN grade 2 or 3 lesions with three years of infection. Only 20% of CIN 3 lesions progress to invasive cervical cancer within 5 years. Only 40% of CIN 3 lesions progress to invasive cervical cancer within 30 years. Genetics can also play a role in a woman’s development of cervical cancer; genetic connection holds fewer than only 1% of cervical cancers. â€Å"Women who have an affected first degree biological relative have a two fold relative risk of developing a cervical tumor compared with women who have a nonbiologic first degree relative with a cervical tumor.† Some specific genetic factors have been shown to be in association. The tumor necrosis factor is involved with cell apoptosis and a high incidence of cervical cancer. Polymorphisms, another gene dealing with apoptosis, have been linked to the increased rate of HPV and in turn, cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer related morbidity in developing countries, but is very uncommon in the United States. â€Å"Since 2004 rates have decreased by 2.1% per year in women younger than 50 years and by 3.1 per year in women 50 years of age and older. ACS reports 12,170 new cases of cervical cancer would be diagnosed in 2012.† Age related demographics from 2004-2006 were highest among women from 50-79. But cervical cancer is possible to be present in any sexually active woman. In terms of race, cervical cancer rates per 100,000 women in the US from 2005-2009 are across the board: Hispanic 11.8, African American 9.8, American Indian/ Alaska Native 8.1, White 8.0 and Asian/ Pacific Islander 7.2. Internationally, 500,000 women are diagnosed every year. Prognosis for cervical cancer is very good, especially when caught early. 5 year survival rates: Stage 1 greater than 90%, Stage 2 60-80%, Stage 3 approximately 50%, and stage 4 less than 30%. Treatment for this type of cancer is usually dependent on age, fertility or pregnancy plans. One procedure, LEEP, the loop electrosurgical excision procedure carries an electrical current through a wire to remove abnormal tissue. Cryotherapy freezes the abnormal tissue. Laser therapy uses a beam of light to remove or even destroy the cells. Conization can also be used with a knife and laser. (Boardman, 2018) In severe cases removal of the uterus, hysterectomy is sometimes necessary. Radiation, chemotherapy and surgery can sometimes be performed in other extreme cases. However like any screening test there is always a risk of inaccuracy in false negatives and false positives. (National Cancer Institute, 2014) In some cases a pap smear can be faulty and must be reported in an official capacity. Some examples of this could be â€Å"drying artifact’ or â€Å"excessive blood.† The person reading the smear could feel these are factors that affect the reading. Inflammation can also be a problem in a Pap smear reading. Inflammation can be from infection or irritation. (Stà ¶ppler) Uterine cancer is defined as the any invasive neoplasm of the uterine corpus and is the most common pelvic gynecological malignancy in the United States. Uterine cancer can also be labeled endometrial cancer. The most common type of uterine cancer specifically is endometrioid adenocarcinomas. (Chiang, 2017) It is believed to have two forms; type 1 or estrogen dependent and type 2, which is estrogen independent. (Holman 2012) Uterine cancer can start in small areas or â€Å"a diffuse multifocal pattern.† Health care professionals can usually diagnose this type of cancer by the spreading pattern of the tumor. Usually the tumor will grow from the original location. This can tell the doctor how far along the cancer is. Later tumor growth is seen through myometrial invasion and movement towards the cervix. The cancer itself can take four different routes to spread outside the uterus. Direct or local extends beyond the uterus. Lymphatic, referring to exposure to the pelvic, para-aortic, and sometimes the lymph nodes. Hematologic goes further reaching the lungs, liver, and bone metastatically. Lastly, â€Å"peritoneal/ transtubular spread results in intraperitoneal implants. Staging of Uterine cancer, like most cancers, will depend on the amount of growth and spreading of the tumors. Clinical stage 1, which is the most common for patients, is strict to the uterus. Stage 2 involves a large amount of the cervix. Stage 3 â€Å" vaginal extension, adnexal mass, and/or suspicious retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy.† Stage 4 accesses the bowel and bladder and some other metastases around the body. Although pap smears are prominent for cervical cancer findings, it is not as helpful in uterine cancer. According to my findings, there are actually no screening regimens for asymptomatic women. The only screening mentioned is a transvaginal ultrasound, which â€Å"determines the thickness in postmenopausal women.† In the suspicion of abnormalities, biopsies can be taken. Uterine cancer usually includes both surgery and radiotherapy. Other treatments follow a hormone regimen. Other forms can use estrogen replacement therapy and Tamoxifen, which is usually used for breast cancer but can be used on endometrium tissue as well. (Holman 2012) Because of the early representation of the cancer, treatment is usually successful and most do not progress past stage 1. Recurrences can happen and usually do within 3 years of the original diagnoses, which occurs in half of patients. (Holman 2012)(Uterine Cancer) Symptoms of uterine cancer can range from genital discharge, pain, weight loss, and change in bladder or bowel movements. However, postmenopausal bleeding is said to diagnose up to 90% of endometrial cancers. Another clinical finding would be glandular cells from a pap smear on a postmenopausal woman. Some risk factors are obesity, nulliparity, and late menopause. Diabetes and hypertension are also conditions that. Less than 5% of this cancer is actually diagnosed when the woman is asymptomatic can increase the risk of uterine cancer. (Uterine Cancer) Most of the patients diagnosed with uterine cancer are obese, which can affect estrogen levels. (Holman 2012) Over 50,000 cases of uterine cancer are diagnosed each year, leading up to 10,000 deaths per year. In women alone, it leads to 4% of deaths related to cancer. 70-75% of cases are diagnosed at stage 1. In 2009, the survival rate for uterine cancer was 83.1%. (Chiang, 2017) A large majority of the population diagnosed are postmenopausal and ages 50-65, average age of 61. White women have the largest risk of uterine cancer in the United States compared to African American, Asian and Hispanic women. However, African American women have a larger rate of death. Interestingly, those women living in Asia or Africa have a much smaller rate of uterine cancer than Asian and African American women in the United States. Smoking actually has been shown to decrease your chance of endometrial cancer. The use of contraceptive pills has also been said to be a protective measure for women. (Holman 2012) In conclusion, Pap Smears can be resourceful ways of detecting cervical cancer but not at large uterine cancers. Pap smears are a great screening method for obstetrician- gynecologists and their patients to catch and prevent cervical cancer. By detecting cervical cancer early, prognosis is very good and very likely in most cases. These quick diagnoses from pap smears and other sources has made cervical cancer a very uncommon cancer related death for women in the United States. Unfortunately for developing countries, lack of medical resources and research has made discovering cervical cancer difficult and fatal. With the Bethesda System doctors from all over can classify cervical cancer the same way. Pap smears are very accurate, but like any screening procedure there is always the risk of false negatives or false positives. Although Pap smears haven’t been shown totally reliable to detect uterine cancer, there are several other methods to find uterine cancer. The most obvious can be the presence of postmenopausal bleeding in women, which diagnoses most of the cases. Transvaginal ultra sound can be used to determine the state of the woman’s uterine tissue. These and a few others have been said to be more reliable than Pap smears. Counterpart to ruling out Pap smear findings, one source does tell that if glandular cells are present than it might be uterine cancer. Like cervical cancer, uterine cancer is most always found in early stages or stage 1 to be exact. This early detection makes it only 4% of cancer related deaths in women. In doing my research it was clear to me that Pap smears are in fact helpful in detecting cervical cancer but not as much in uterine cancer. I only found one source that mentioned findings from a Pap smear for uterine cancer. This was entirely interesting to me because they are in very similar areas of the woman’s reproductive system. In doing more research, it makes sense that a pap smear rarely diagnoses uterine cancer because it starts inside the uterus. The cervix being much lower and away from the uterus makes it easier to obtain cells and much more reliable. Finding cervical cancer can be much more direct and easily obtained. Getting to the uterus safely is much more difficult. In further research I believe it would be interesting to look further into minimally invasive ways to detect uterine cancer. Another topic is using the any findings from a Pap smear in detecting cervical cancer to relate to prevention of uterine cancer. Lastly, the result of cervical and uterine cancer on future pregnancy or on currently pregnant women. Works Cited â€Å"Uterine Cancer.† Uterine Cancer, www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Uterine%20Cancer/index.htm. Boardman, Cecelia. â€Å"Cervical Cancer.† Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology, 26 Jan. 2018, emedicine.medscape.com/article/253513-overview. Chiang, Jing. â€Å"Uterine Cancer.† Background, History of the Procedure, Epidemiology, 6 Dec. 2017, emedicine.medscape.com/article/258148-overviewuterine cancer. Holman , Laura. â€Å"The Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer.† The Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer, 2012, www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/The%20Epidemiology%20of%20Endometrial%20Cancer/item/236. Stà ¶ppler, Melissa Conrad. â€Å"Pap Smear: Facts About the Procedure, Pain & Guidelines.†MedicineNet, www.medicinenet.com/pap_smear/article.htm#what_is_a_pap_smear_procedure. Tan, Siang Yong, and Yvonne Tatsumura. â€Å"George Papanicolaou (1883–1962): Discoverer of the Pap Smear.† Singapore Medical Journal, Singapore Medical Association, Oct. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613936/. Weber, Michael. â€Å"Pap Smear (Pap Test): Reasons, Procedure, & Results.† Healthline, Healthline Media, 13 Mar. 2017, www.healthline.com/health/pap-smear. Should Hate Speech Be Protected as Free Speech? Should Hate Speech Be Protected as Free Speech? Question: Should hate speech be protected by the right of free speech? Introduction Hate speech is a controversial and often misinterpreted term for speech intended to degrade, intimidate, or incite violence or prejudicial action against an individual or a group of individuals based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or disability. The term has been taken to cover written as well as oral communication. My starting position is that hate speech is not just one thing; there can be at least four categories of hate speech that we can address. By the end of this essay I hope to have shown sufficiently which, if any, types of hate speech could be protected by the right of free speech. Right to free speech and expression Perhaps in a different era, the two could be seen as distinct, not just by name, but also in context.[1] The right of free speech is a human, political or civil right recognised and appreciated by states and their citizens. It is the right to communicate ones opinions and ideas using ones body and property to anyone who is willing to receive them. It was included in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[2] Although freedom of expression is sometimes used within an identical context, it nevertheless includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. Perhaps the most commonly cited definition is the one given by the United Nations in Art.19 of their UDHR[3] adopted in 1948.[4] Along the same lines, Art.10 of theECHR[5]provides the right to freedom of expression, subject to certain restrictions that are in accordance with law and necessary in a democratic society. It is important to appreciate that the two are largely intertwined, and to be read separately would be of no particular value or help. For the purposes of this essay, I shall regard the two rights as two faces on the same side of a coin. Being part of a group of ideals or social goods even, the right of free speech is not specially protected from other ideals. It has to compete with such rights as right to private life, public security and democratic equality amongst others. There is no precedence that the right for free speech must always prevail. The wording of the First Amendment creates a defence for individuals and a difficulty for the state to regulate similar acts in the United States, as well as a desire to abolish the limitations already imposed by other states.[6] When may the right of free speech be limited? It can easily be imagined that the time, place and way of something being said or written or expressed in any other form is subject to scrutiny as to its appropriateness or inappropriateness respectively that is subsequently reflected in regional legislations. This is not normally objected to. There is another controversial excuse for limiting it and that has to do with its content.[7] A classic example is the prohibition of circulation of Nazi ideas in parts of Europe. This is only to be expected, considering that the UDHR was an attempt to stop the terror witnessed during that war from happening again. It is important however to understand that all is meant by limiting free speech or prohibiting hate speech is not preventing someone from exercising the right, but rather a subsequent punishment. Hate speech The prohibition of hate speech is often anathematised by the advocates for the right of free speech. Following Smolla, it can be generically defined as a speech assault based on race, ethnicity, religion and sexual orientation or preference[8]. Brison attempts to colour it even more by defining it as the speech that vilifies individuals or groups on the same basis and which is face to face vilification or constitutes a group libel[9]. Waldron also believes that hate speech is a form of group defamation[10]. I would think that defamation is more suiting as we have already accepted that hate speech can be manifested both verbally and in writing. When can free speech include hate speech? There is, of course, a number of arguments articulated to justify the importance of including hate speech in the right of free speech, however, lacking space, I will address only the four that I consider of greatest importance. Discovery of truth This argument has two distinct streams of interpretation. According to the first, we come to know more truth if we allow a â€Å"free marketplace of ideas†.[11] Advocates of the second stream claim that allowing discussions promote truth and the interests of the right for free speech more than restrictions, as it allows for comparing and contrasting arguments. Scanlon divides the possible participants in a trade of speech into speaker, audience and bystanders. The value protected by both is truth itself; the speaker has an interest in communicating an opinion; the audience and the bystanders have an interest in evaluating and challenging the said opinion. Central to this argument is the importance of reliable and truthful information since it would be detrimental to knowingly spread opinions based on the unreliable and false information.[12] Note that this argument, like the rest, covers not only the promotion of views and opinions, but also of the communication of facts that do not invite evaluation, such as the names of professors in the University of Essex’s Human Rights department. However, as Schauer points out, this value does not have an a priori precedence over other values.[13] Livelier apprehension and personal development According to J. S. Mill we come to apprehend the truth in a more lively way when we confront people who dispute our beliefs or be confronted by them respectively. â€Å"So essential is this discipline to a real understanding of moral and human subjects that, if opponents to all-important truths do not exist, it is indinspensable to imagine them and supply them with the strongest arguments which the most skilful devil’s advocate can conjure up.†[14] Eric Barendt adds: â€Å"Restrictions on what a man is allowed to say and write, or to hear or read, inhibit the growth of his personality. People will not be able to develop intellectually and spiritually, unless they are free to formulate their beliefs and political attitudes through public discussion, and in response to the criticisms of others.†[15] Greenawalt provides further input: â€Å"By affording people an opportunity to hear and digest competing positions and to explore options in conversations with others, freedom of discussion is thought to promote independent judgment and considerate decision, what might be characterized as autonomy.†[16] The speaker here has an interest in influencing the thought and conduct of others through speech. Furthermore, according to Joseph Raz, the audience has an interest in hearing expressed ideas that may potentially reassure and validate their lifestyles. [17] Democratic participation This has been elaborated best by Cass Sunstein. â€Å"Free speech is to be protected because it facilitates the democratic articulation, aggregation and balancing of interests, and is necessary if the people are to be able to decide for themselves the candidates they think most suitable for public office and the policies that public officials should pursue. This argument links free expression with a ‘commitment to political equality’ and a ‘belief in democratic deliberation’.[18] The argument presupposes that the citizens of a democratic state have the right of free speech and are not negligent in exercising it fully. Democracy translates – loosely – into power of the people and by definition, for the sovereignty of the people to be effective, public opinions should be formulated free of any control or intervention by the government. As such, the speaker’s interest is in providing an opinion on matters of public-political life, while the main audience has an interest in hearing the views of others, and gaining an understanding of political views and preferences. The argument of the right of autonomy In considering a law that prohibits speech, Scanlon writes: â€Å"In order to be protected by such a law a person would†¦ have to concede to the state the right to decide that certain views were false and, once it had so decided, to prevent him from hearing them advocated even he might wish to†[19] He goes on to argue that that since an autonomous person’s reason is sovereign over her own decisions, it is incompatible with her autonomy to be shielded from certain evaluative views, or factual information, even if only to avoid the harm to her of coming to have false beliefs.[20] Greenwald describes such intervention as viewpoint discrimination[21], the very thing that the First Amendment is employed to counter. This corresponds to the right of the audience not to have restrictions on their range of options to choose from in order to formulate an autonomous decision. Let us now examine the kinds of hate speech Targeted vilification Speech directed at specific individuals or small group and with the intention to harm and insult the audience. The speaker consciously selects the wording for its potential to achieve just that.[22] Contrary to what Brison argues, I would argue that it should include non-face-to-face acts, such as cases when is not direct but sufficiently specific.[23] The content itself does not usually qualify adequately as an assertion of fact, expression of an evaluative opinion or even of a valid political preference, since it is usually based on false accusations. Also, the speaker cannot barricade behind the right of autonomy and argue that non-racists are privileged over racists, since having a right of autonomy does not imply having the right to be racist and furthermore clashes with the rights of others to be equally autonomous. It does not encompass the essence of the right, it does not promote the interests that the right seeks to, and it is not what is meant when the right for free speech is interpreted; therefore we can conclude that targeted vilification should not be protected by the right to free speech. Diffuse vilification This is speech directed at a friendly or of mixed sentiments but larger audience than targeted vilification, but nevertheless has the same intentions; to assault individuals based on the group they adhere to, or even the group itself, although they may not be the immediate audience.[24] It usually employs symbols or banners with group specific insults. An example would be the Nazi march in Skokie, a village with a notable population of holocaust survivals and younger Jews. There is an evident intention to cause emotional distress and so, any speech or acts employed and political symbols used could not be excused as such, but as insulting, harmful and intimidating.[25] A fair excuse would be that the allegedly distressed could avoid the march. To what extent this is possible depends on other factors such as prior sufficient advertising and the financial or effort overbearing on the victim’s part. This becomes more apparent when the cost to pay to avoid the distress would mean losing one’s work or avoiding communing areas or even becoming antisocial. This would clearly outweigh the interests of the speaker. Evidently, diffuse vilification promotes free speech interests at a far higher level than targeted vilification; it can take the form of honest – albeit mistaken at times – expression of political and evaluative opinions, precisely because it is not targeted but addressed to a wider audience, which could be proactively met and discussed with an opposing group. Although in its honest and fair form it should be protected by the right of free speech, in my opinion, the government has enough justification to intervene and attempt to control the manner in which it is expressed, and specifically by regulating the prohibition of speech, acts and symbols used for their potential to offend and/or to incite hatred and violence towards another social group. Advocating exclusionary policies Exclusionary policies are those that attempt to exclude certain social groups from equal participation in decision making and full enjoyment of their citizen and political rights. In its extreme form, this could include advocating genocide and ethnic cleansing.[26] The harm caused by a possible adoption and enactment of such policies is not easily outweighed, especially by the arguments for the discovery of truth and of personal development – for obvious reasons. Following the argument for democratic participation, such cases constitute political speech, or part of, which the right of free speech clearly intents to protect. However, allowing the advocating of non-democratic ideals in a democratic society brackets democracy itself. I do not accept that democracy should succumb to such hypocritical arguments. I agree with what Rosenblum terms as militant democracy who attempts to defend itself. [27] Even though state controls on political speech is restricting political equality, a democratic value, it is acceptable to do so when the speaker advocates anti-democratic values, even more so when they are advocating restriction on the political equality of others. From the perspective of the argument for autonomy, it can be argued that people should be allowed to exercise their right as rational sentient beings and consider, reflect upon, and decide for themselves which political speeches to support and which to strike down, without the need to cede their right to do so to any government.[28] However, how empirically justified is, or can, that be? What assures us that citizens will in fact make the right choices? What assures us that citizens will even bring themselves to consider such important and hard matters? Is it not the case that people who do concern themselves with such issues have a prior long time interest in them? How can we be sure that the citizens actually have the necessary mental capacities to fully comprehend the speech and its consequences? A democratic society is successful not only because of alleged equality, but also, because of alleged intellect. Following the notion of militant democracy not only there should be intervention to prohibit anti-democratic elements from exploiting democratic values, but also, there should be intervention to debunk, rebut and expose anti-democratic speeches. If the body of citizens is not able to comprehend it fully, the democratic government, assuming it is able to comprehend it, should step in. In my opinion, although this category is part of the general category of political speech, which the right of free speech intents to protect, it can take the form of anti-democratic speeches and incitement of hatred that may lead to horrid results. To this end, I conclude that this form of speech could be protected under the right of free speech, but the states should reserve their right to intervene in such circumstances that put into danger and jeopardize their very democratic nature. Harmful assertions of fact The notion that free speech should include the right to speak words that insult others, or saying what others do not like hearing, has become part of the modern society’s pop wisdom heirlooms. The combined promotion of the values of truth, democratic participations and autonomy is indispensable, even though we cannot deny that even these assertions can cause grave harm to individuals or groups. A fair objection to protecting these kinds of assertions I have found is what Margalit and Raz call the self-respect and dignity of group members, which are being threatened by such assertions.[29] This links to a reversed interest for personal development on the part of the group members, especially when it comes to social groups identified by ethnicity, where self-dignity and self-respect depends on the dignity and respect assigned to that group by others. However, can it not be said that a Kurdish minority in Turkey or the UK should be exposed for their practice of FGM[30] and to evaluative opinions and scrutiny from the rest of society about it, independently of their other dignity recognition and respect issues? In their extreme form, such factual assertions and evaluative opinions may lead to unjustified hate crimes and violence against innocent members of targeted groups. A classic example is the growing contempt that locals feel against immigrants in most countries. Even if top level surveys manage to prove that economic crisis, health system deterioration or other social harms are caused by immigrants, there is a huge leap from an empirical observation to undemocratic acts of violence. Militant democracy should step in here once again, not only to prohibit and punish such actions, but also, I would argue, to better regulate the matters revealed by such surveys.[31] Despite all these, harmful assertions of fact can be seen as promoting the interests embraced by the right of free speech. Even with harmful – but not extreme – assertions, an available remedy would be counter speech instead of restriction. This is possible because they are not mere vilification, but truthful and empirical assertions of honest intentions and therefore do not cause emotional distress.[32] In my opinion, a government should not be able to intervene by prohibiting the expression of such assertions, but they should be allowed to prohibit and punish individuals who misinterpret such assertions from resulting to hate crimes such as racial attacks. By saying this, one may think that I refuse to consider what some call group libel as hate speech worthy of being punished. This is not the case, since libel, defamation in general, is harmful yet untrue assertion. Even though some may disagree as to the context of vilification, I take it to also have an element of faulty accusations. Conclusion I do not see hate speech to have just one singular face. As I have shown, it can be manifested in many different ways, which can in turn be judged on different grounds. Therefore it is inapplicable to argue that it should be either protected under the right for free speech in its entirety, or not at all. I am of the opinion that some forms of hate speech should be protected by the right of free speech, because of the benefits bestowed to society. Some other forms should not be protected; states should take steps to better inform citizens about the different shades of hate speech and democratically establish legal frameworks to punish the ones that fall on the negative side of the spectrum. [1] Due to the frustratingly large portion of the first draft of my essay spent on citing relevant treaties and articles defining the two rights, and assuming that the reader is familiar with them already, I have decided to include the definitions in footnotes, as they do not count towards the total word count. I do realise that this is inelegant, but I am exercising my right of autonomy to promote my personal interest, namely of not being penalised. Forgive me. [2] First Amendment to the United States Constitution reads as follows â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† [3] United Declaration of Human Rights [4] Article 19 of the UDHR states that â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right Includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.† [5] European Convention on Human Rights [6] UK: Sec. 18 (1) of thePublic Order Act of 1986; France: Sec 24 of the Press Law of 1881; Denmark: Article 266 (b) of the Danish Criminal Code; The Netherlands: Articles 137 (c) and 137 (d) of the Dutch Criminal Code [7] i.e. the grounds cited in ICCPR and ECHR are content relevant. [8] Smolla, 1991, 152 [9] Brison, 1998, 313 [10] Waldron, 2009, 1600-1601 [11] Justice Holmes’ obiter dictum in Abrams v. United States, 250 U. S. 616 (1919). [12] Cohen (1993: 211, 229). [13] Schauer (1982: 23, 33). [14] Mill [15] Barendt (1985: 14). [16] Greenawalt (1989a: 143-5). [17] Raz (1991: 311). [18] Sunstein (1993: xvi-xvii). [19] Scanlon (1972: 217). [20] Ibid. [21] Greenawalt (1995: 32). [22] Greenawalt (1995: 49). [23] i.e. threatening letters, vandalism and so on and so forth. [24] But may be bystanders. [25] The fact that a march in virtually every other village or even a march in the same place but without the symbols would not constitute diffuse vilification but would rather be political speech only proves the dishonest intentions of the marchers. (Feinberg 1985: 86). [26] With notable examples the anti-Semitic speeches in Nazi Germany, anti-Greek and anti-Armenian speeches in Turkey, 1910-1922 [27] Nancy Rosenblum (2008: 412-455). [28] i.e. the ban of Nazi parties from political life in Denmark [29] Margalit and Raz (1990: 119). [30] Female Genital Mutilation [31] Although not relevant to this essay, I would argue that the right of free move and work is a lot like the right to free speech in the sense that it is important but militant democracy should intervene to prevent it from harming a democratic state. A failed example of this would be Italy’s policy which only allowed a very limited percentage of immigrants. Surely, a middle position would be more successful. [32] For example, a Kurdish should have been able to reflect upon the issue of FGM before encountering an adversary of the practice.

Analysis of Pauline Puyat’s Tracks­ Essay -- Tracks

Analysis of Pauline Puyat’s Tracks ­ One of the most striking characteristics of Pauline Puyat is her devout Catholicism and her desire to be disconnected from the Ojibwa people. Throughout Tracks, she openly chooses Catholicism over her native religion and abandons her native ways almost completely. When Pauline tries to help Fleur prevent a miscarriage, she is literally held back by her conscious separation from the Ojibwa culture. There are many things that Pauline fails to do to effectively prevent Fleur from miscarrying. The most obvious is her failure to efficiently put together the herbal steep made of Alder: â€Å"And I could not remember the plant’s configuration, even though its use was common enough for bleeding problems† (156). Although Pauline could be nervously forgetting the properties of Alder, this forgetfulness of a basic remedy stresses her abandonment of Ojibwa society and its practices. The array of stored plants makes Pauline even more nervous: â€Å"Plant after Plant! Some were shaped like a man’s forked legs and some were rolled in balls...I put fort...

Reduced scale

The reforms aimed at the eradication of poverty and unemployment challenges through substantial recovery and improvement or productivity of investment economizing the private sector as the main engine of growth. In discussing the issues of the liberalizing of cooperative policies practices and legislation its clear that the societies have both successes and failures.Successes of the liberalizing of cooperatives up to date To the cooperative movement, liberalizing measures were put in place with a view to create commercially autonomous member-based cooperatives that would be democratically and professionally managed; self-controlled; and self-reliant. To this effect in 1997 government published Session Paper No. 6 of 1997 on â€Å"Co-operatives n a Liberalized Economic Environment† to provide the new policy framework for the necessary reforms.To date the role of the government was redefined from control to regulatory and facilitative in nature. The Ministry of Co-operative Deve lopment duties were confined to registration and liquidation of co-operative societies; enforcement of the Co-operative Societies Act; formulation of co-operative policy; advisory and creation of conducive environment for co-operative growth and development; registration of co-operative audits; and carrying out of inquiries, investigations and inspections which is still applicable today.Successfully also was the enforcement of co-operative principles of voluntary and open Membership; democratic member control; member-economic participation; autonomy and independence; education, training and information; co-operation among cooperatives; and concern for community. The reforms have given autonomy to individuals will to Join or leave the cooperatives, which is still effectively being practiced, up to date. The 1966 Co- operative Societies Act was repealed and replaced by the Co-operative Societies Act, No. 2 of 1997 the new Co-operative Societies Act served to reduced government involve ment in the day-to-day management of co-operatives. Cooperatives were granted authority to rule over themselves from the previous state controls by transferring the management duties in co-operatives from the Commissioner for Co- operative Development to the members through their duly elected management committees. This trend is still applicable up to date where by members have the discretion to make policies through Coco's that benefit them. Co-operatives were no longer required to seek the permission of the Commissioner to invest, spend or borrow.They were now free to borrow against part or the whole of their properties if heir by-laws allowed, provided the annual general meeting approved such borrowing which is still applicable today. The reforms have also given cooperatives the power to hire and fire grade staff without the commissioners consent. The cooperative movement as a result of liberalizing has seen a growth in the cooperative movement with a growth in 2004 of 10,642 coo peratives in Kenya and currently the number is increasing rapidly with the inception of other better laws such as the new constitution.Despite the reducing trend of membership surprisingly there's an increase in member registration in Coco's over the years up to date new CACAOS are being formed even among the self-employed persons in the informal AU Kali) and agricultural sectors, which is a complete departure from the past where these co-operatives were only formed among the employed persons in the urban areas.To this extent, it can be said that liberation has transformed the cooperative movement and that many citizens are appreciative of it. Liberalizing of the cooperative movement has transformed the structural organization of cooperatives. The inefficient cooperative unions are increasingly loosing their members, for cooperative societies now have the freedom to seek better service provision from there organizations or make provision for such services on their own.Another advant age is that Agricultural co-operative unions have particularly been affected through monopoly. For instance, in the dairy sub-sector, co-operative societies were affiliated to the Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KC) that monopolized the processing and marketing of milk up to the early sass's. It is in these circumstances that some of them like Guthrie and Lemur dairy co-operative societies have put up their own milk processing plants that are still running up to date.With this, vertical integration f cooperatives in the dairy sector has virtually collapsed as cooperative societies now have the freedom to sell their produce to any willing buyer rather than KC and some of the societies have put up their own milk processing plants to offer the services previously provided by KC. Despite all that, non-agricultural co-operative unions have remained vibrant, particularly those in the financial sector, and have subsequently maintained the vertical structure of the cooperative movement.For ex ample, to date Kenya Union of Savings and Credit Cooperative (COUSCOUS) brings gather over 2,600 active COCO societies with a membership of over two million while the Kenya Rural Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies Union KEIRETSU has 45 active rural COCO societies with a membership of 1. 5 million. These unions serve as the mouthpieces of the respective CACAOS in the country; a feat that has helped the unions continue to attract rather than loose membership.COUSCOUS also provides common shared services like education and training; business development, consultancy and research; risk management; and the inter-lending program for CACAOS called Central Finance Program. These services have attracted CACAOS to main loyal members of COUSCOUS, and helping it attain the status of the largest COCO movement in Sub-Sahara Africa. Successfully with the current liberalizing of cooperatives most of the cooperative organizations are functioning without reference to the apex organization.The r ole of spokesperson and representative of the cooperative movement is increasingly being played by national cooperative organizations and cooperative unions. As an example, COUSCOUS being the mother of all Coco's now stands out as the mouth-piece and advocate of CACAOS in all matters that affect the development and growth of these cooperatives. COUSCOUS has been vibrant in the recent past by being vocal, in opposing the retrenchment of employee's as that would affect the membership of Cacaos.Even more significantly, COUSCOUS was recently involved in the formulation of the yet to be debated and enacted COCO Act that sets out to make special provisions for the registration and licensing of Cacaos, prudential requirements, standard forms of accounts, co-operate governance, amalgamations, divisions and liquidations; establishment of a COCO Regulatory Authority, savings protection insurance, and setting up a Central Liquidity Fund, among others. In the circumstances, the collapse of the vertical organization of the cooperative movement in the country is increasingly becoming evident.Another success of the liberalizing is that with liberalizing of the economy, banks such as The Cooperative Bank of Kenya have opened shareholding to individual members of co-operative societies as was duly recommended by their societies in 1996. The bank has however, retained its association with the co-operative movement by restricting 70% of the shares to co-operatives while individual members of societies hold only 30% of the shares and are not entitled to attend the annual general meeting of the ann.. This has helped to keep out private shareholders who might have bought out the bank as has been the case in other African countries.The coming of this policy framework also saw the International Cooperative Alliance's (CA) cooperative principles of voluntary and open membership, democratic member control; member- economic participation, autonomy and independence, education, training, cooperation among cooperatives; and concern for community became formally incorporated in the cooperative policy. The 1997 policy failed to provide for the separation of the responsibilities of elected management committees from managerial staff responsibilities.Consequently, management decisions were still made by elected leaders that may not be qualified managers. In such response to the inadequacies of the 1997 policy, the Ministry formulated a revised policy framework titled â€Å"Kenya Cooperative Development Policy 2008†. The 2008 policy themed at ‘expanding the economic space for sustainable cooperative growth in Kenya', focused on restructuring, strengthening and transforming cooperatives into vibrant economic entities that can confront the challenges of wealth creation, employment creation and poverty reduction as private business ventures.To date the policy is still up and running. After the fall of Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives KNIFE, the interim Board started developing the strategy in 2007 by holding provincial consultative meetings that focused on how to revive the organization. This culminated in the National Cooperative Leaders Conference in November in 2007, which endorsed a new governance structure, revised By-Laws (2008) and a new funding strategy.The revised By-Laws (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, Bibb) proposed a governance structure consisting of a secretariat composed of the Executive Director ND four heads of sections; a technical committee comprising of the Chief Executive Officers of Nachos; the General Assembly as the supreme authority consisting of 75 elected delegates; and the National Governing Council as the executive authority comprising of eight Chairmen of Nachos, seven elected regional representatives, the Commissioner for Cooperative Development and the Executive Director.The By-Laws also address the need for strengthening of the financial capacity of KNIFE, as they propose a graduated sc ale of annual contribution by members based on the type of cooperative organization and annual turnover. This amends have helped to shape the federation up to date with increased number of people. The revitalization program has charted a new direction for the organization, as it restricted its activities to the core objective for which it was formed. That is, to be the mouth-piece of the cooperative movement in Kenya by engaging in advocacy, lobbying, collaboration and networking activities.At the end of the revitalization process, the investment in institutional capacity building of KNIFE should has enabled it to address wealth creation and poverty alleviation of the cooperative movement. Liberalizing has rough about growth of banks such as the Cooperative Bank of Kenya. The Bank has not only been instrumental in providing banking services to cooperatives, but has also been the source of affordable credit for the cooperative movement. For instance, today it lends approximately EKES 3. 5 billion (USED $46. Million) annually to Cacaos, in order to increase their liquidity levels so that they can meet member demands for loans associated with school fees. Moreover, the Cooperative Bank still serves as a mechanism through which most donors to the agricultural sector, particularly those that produce coffee, can channel their support. This has allowed the Cooperative Bank to network with many donors, such as Food Aid Organization (FAA), and the European Union, among others. In the financial sector, CACAOS are also increasingly becoming innovative by developing new products to enhance their income.For instance there's some diversification of traditional products of savings and credit of Coco's by introducing Front Surviving liberalizing: the cooperative movement in Kenya Front Office Service Activity (FOSS). FOSS offers services that members can use to process their monthly salary, while having access to instant cash advances (based n their salary) and maintaining wi thdrawal savings deposits. Currently, slightly over 250 CACAOS operate with this activity in Kenya.In addition, the COCO movement is quickly spreading from its traditional urban and wage employment strongholds into the agricultural sector in rural areas and informal economy. As a success liberalizing has enabled the setup of free market cooperative entities that have led many people to derive their Jobs from marketing products produced by cooperatives. For instance, dairy cooperatives produce various products such as fresh ilk, ghee, butter and yoghurt; while other agricultural cooperatives market coffee, fish, pyrometer and eggs. These products are then passed on to other entities to market to retailers, wholesalers and consumers.To date this trend continues and has helped reduce poverty and provide employment as it was the expectation of the 1996 framework policy paper. Liberalizing has made Cooperatives to be sources of income by generating opportunities for many people, particul arly members of cooperatives. In 2007, primary cooperatives in the agricultural sector had a membership of 1 approximately 50% of whom were estimated to be active. The CACAOS had 6,286,894 members, 98% whom were active in the lending activities of their cooperatives. The other non-agricultural primary cooperatives had a total membership of 334,000, with approximately 50 per cent active.These figures are clear pointers to the significant contribution of cooperatives to poverty reduction and poverty prevention in Kenya to date. This is particularly true as most of the income generated from cooperatives is mainly used to address long-term poverty prevention measures. Liberalizing has brought focus on cooperatives to the core activities of operatives, including agribusiness, entrepreneurship, savings and credit advancement regulations, leadership and governance of cooperatives, and the economic benefits of membership in cooperatives, among others.It is apparent that any cooperative that doesn't provide Economic gains in Kenya tends to be deserted by the members. This is evidenced by dormancy that cooperatives are currently experiencing. A few activities of such successful cooperative ventures could be viewed as attempts at offering social protection to the members and this has brought the growth in some cooperatives in the country. As an advantage the framework policy has seen transformation of the cooperative movement where benevolent funds have been introduced in most CACAOS to which members contribute regularly and only draw from them when they are bereaved.The schemes define the relatives in whose death the member would get assistance to meet the burial expenses, as well as the respective amount of money to which he/ she would be entitled. Gracefully the institutionalizing of the framework paper policy and liberalizing has seen the transformation of the Cooperative Insurance Company(ClC). This company has the ore business of giving protection against risks ass ociated with operation of cooperative enterprise, as well as cooperators themselves.Significant ICC has also developed a micro-finance insurance scheme specifically for covering savings of micro-finance institutions (Miff) in case a person with a loan passes away before completing repayment. Negative aspects of the liberalizing of cooperatives Consequently, the immediate impact on most co-operatives was mainly negative. The elected leaders abused the freedom bestowed on them and to the detriment of many cooperative societies.Corruption cases; gross mismanagement by officials; theft of operative resources; split of viable co-operatives into small uneconomic units; failure by employers to surrender members' deposits to co-operatives (particularly Cacaos); failure to hold elections in co-operatives; favoritism in hiring and dismissal of staff; refusal by co-operative officials to vacate office after being duly voted out; conflict of interest among co-operative officials; endless litiga tion; unauthorized co- operative investments; and illegal payments to the management committees were increasingly reported in many co-operatives and up to date the trend is till continuing though at a reduced scale.Though there's a surge of cooperative societies the indication is that up to date there's recorded numbers of dormant cooperative societies. In 2004, the Kenya Union of Savings and credit cooperatives actually estimated that 42% of the cooperative societies were dormant. The number is still increasing and this isn't beneficial to the eradication of poverty through employment and innovation. The relative poor performance of agricultural cooperatives could also be attributed to the liberalizing of the co-operative sector without adequately preparing the co-operatives. There's also the element of over dependence of the agriculture sector, which leads to failure unexpectedly. Liberalizing has brought about immense changes in the cooperative movement.The Kenya National Federat ion of Cooperatives was the national apex of cooperative movements in Kenya. Its dominance declined drastically due to corruption and mismanagement reason being that poor management over the years saw KNIFE deviate from its core business into other activities, such as auditing, education and training as well as research and consultancy. Such activities were already being performed by some of its members, and subsequently KNIFE ended up competing with some of its members hat were offering the same services to the cooperative movement. In the circumstances some cooperatives found no reason for being members of a federation that they saw as a competitor.However its quick revival was established in 2005 after the then minister of cooperatives dissolved Knife's Board of Directors and replaced it with an interim board (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, AAA). Interim Board of Directors that was appointed by the Minister in May 2005 immediately embarked upon developing strategies f or reform and restructuring to revivalist the organization (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, 2007). As a active impact KNIFE has largely been ineffective in representing the cooperative movement during policy and legal processes. As an example, it failed to effectively participate and influence changes to the 1997 Cooperative Societies Act that produced the Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act, 2004.KNIFE started monopolizing donor support after the ACT had been enacted to hold consultations on the implications of the Act, which was too late to achieve any impact. Perhaps this also explains the absence of cooperatives in national development debates. KNIFE has lacked even up to date the urge to influence policy and legislative debates in Kenya, aging it difficult to improve the visibility of the cooperative movement. This is surely a liberalizing downfall a thing that the paper framework couldn't expect to happen. As a negative effect liberalizing has reduced government s upport since autonomy was given to the private sector this free market approach has unfortunately brought to the decline of, the number of trainees from Cooperative college of Kenya.Cooperatives attending the college have been reducing since the liberalizing due to the tremendous reduction in government sponsorship to the cooperative movement for training purposes. Left on their own, most cooperatives, especially in the agricultural sector, have been unable to raise the required fees for their staff to train at the college. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the impact of liberalizing has seen cooperatives survive the market forces and open up more enterprising innovations that secure the welfare of employees. Successfully much legislation has been put in place that is still working up to date and this has helped to attract more members to cooperatives. On the downside corruption is still rampant as the societies grow new schemes are being hatched to hamper the progress of the cooperatives.