Analysis of Pauline Puyat’s Tracks­ Essay -- Tracks

Analysis of Pauline Puyat’s Tracks ­ One of the most striking characteristics of Pauline Puyat is her devout Catholicism and her desire to be disconnected from the Ojibwa people. Throughout Tracks, she openly chooses Catholicism over her native religion and abandons her native ways almost completely. When Pauline tries to help Fleur prevent a miscarriage, she is literally held back by her conscious separation from the Ojibwa culture. There are many things that Pauline fails to do to effectively prevent Fleur from miscarrying. The most obvious is her failure to efficiently put together the herbal steep made of Alder: â€Å"And I could not remember the plant’s configuration, even though its use was common enough for bleeding problems† (156). Although Pauline could be nervously forgetting the properties of Alder, this forgetfulness of a basic remedy stresses her abandonment of Ojibwa society and its practices. The array of stored plants makes Pauline even more nervous: â€Å"Plant after Plant! Some were shaped like a man’s forked legs and some were rolled in balls...I put fort...

Reduced scale

The reforms aimed at the eradication of poverty and unemployment challenges through substantial recovery and improvement or productivity of investment economizing the private sector as the main engine of growth. In discussing the issues of the liberalizing of cooperative policies practices and legislation its clear that the societies have both successes and failures.Successes of the liberalizing of cooperatives up to date To the cooperative movement, liberalizing measures were put in place with a view to create commercially autonomous member-based cooperatives that would be democratically and professionally managed; self-controlled; and self-reliant. To this effect in 1997 government published Session Paper No. 6 of 1997 on â€Å"Co-operatives n a Liberalized Economic Environment† to provide the new policy framework for the necessary reforms.To date the role of the government was redefined from control to regulatory and facilitative in nature. The Ministry of Co-operative Deve lopment duties were confined to registration and liquidation of co-operative societies; enforcement of the Co-operative Societies Act; formulation of co-operative policy; advisory and creation of conducive environment for co-operative growth and development; registration of co-operative audits; and carrying out of inquiries, investigations and inspections which is still applicable today.Successfully also was the enforcement of co-operative principles of voluntary and open Membership; democratic member control; member-economic participation; autonomy and independence; education, training and information; co-operation among cooperatives; and concern for community. The reforms have given autonomy to individuals will to Join or leave the cooperatives, which is still effectively being practiced, up to date. The 1966 Co- operative Societies Act was repealed and replaced by the Co-operative Societies Act, No. 2 of 1997 the new Co-operative Societies Act served to reduced government involve ment in the day-to-day management of co-operatives. Cooperatives were granted authority to rule over themselves from the previous state controls by transferring the management duties in co-operatives from the Commissioner for Co- operative Development to the members through their duly elected management committees. This trend is still applicable up to date where by members have the discretion to make policies through Coco's that benefit them. Co-operatives were no longer required to seek the permission of the Commissioner to invest, spend or borrow.They were now free to borrow against part or the whole of their properties if heir by-laws allowed, provided the annual general meeting approved such borrowing which is still applicable today. The reforms have also given cooperatives the power to hire and fire grade staff without the commissioners consent. The cooperative movement as a result of liberalizing has seen a growth in the cooperative movement with a growth in 2004 of 10,642 coo peratives in Kenya and currently the number is increasing rapidly with the inception of other better laws such as the new constitution.Despite the reducing trend of membership surprisingly there's an increase in member registration in Coco's over the years up to date new CACAOS are being formed even among the self-employed persons in the informal AU Kali) and agricultural sectors, which is a complete departure from the past where these co-operatives were only formed among the employed persons in the urban areas.To this extent, it can be said that liberation has transformed the cooperative movement and that many citizens are appreciative of it. Liberalizing of the cooperative movement has transformed the structural organization of cooperatives. The inefficient cooperative unions are increasingly loosing their members, for cooperative societies now have the freedom to seek better service provision from there organizations or make provision for such services on their own.Another advant age is that Agricultural co-operative unions have particularly been affected through monopoly. For instance, in the dairy sub-sector, co-operative societies were affiliated to the Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KC) that monopolized the processing and marketing of milk up to the early sass's. It is in these circumstances that some of them like Guthrie and Lemur dairy co-operative societies have put up their own milk processing plants that are still running up to date.With this, vertical integration f cooperatives in the dairy sector has virtually collapsed as cooperative societies now have the freedom to sell their produce to any willing buyer rather than KC and some of the societies have put up their own milk processing plants to offer the services previously provided by KC. Despite all that, non-agricultural co-operative unions have remained vibrant, particularly those in the financial sector, and have subsequently maintained the vertical structure of the cooperative movement.For ex ample, to date Kenya Union of Savings and Credit Cooperative (COUSCOUS) brings gather over 2,600 active COCO societies with a membership of over two million while the Kenya Rural Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies Union KEIRETSU has 45 active rural COCO societies with a membership of 1. 5 million. These unions serve as the mouthpieces of the respective CACAOS in the country; a feat that has helped the unions continue to attract rather than loose membership.COUSCOUS also provides common shared services like education and training; business development, consultancy and research; risk management; and the inter-lending program for CACAOS called Central Finance Program. These services have attracted CACAOS to main loyal members of COUSCOUS, and helping it attain the status of the largest COCO movement in Sub-Sahara Africa. Successfully with the current liberalizing of cooperatives most of the cooperative organizations are functioning without reference to the apex organization.The r ole of spokesperson and representative of the cooperative movement is increasingly being played by national cooperative organizations and cooperative unions. As an example, COUSCOUS being the mother of all Coco's now stands out as the mouth-piece and advocate of CACAOS in all matters that affect the development and growth of these cooperatives. COUSCOUS has been vibrant in the recent past by being vocal, in opposing the retrenchment of employee's as that would affect the membership of Cacaos.Even more significantly, COUSCOUS was recently involved in the formulation of the yet to be debated and enacted COCO Act that sets out to make special provisions for the registration and licensing of Cacaos, prudential requirements, standard forms of accounts, co-operate governance, amalgamations, divisions and liquidations; establishment of a COCO Regulatory Authority, savings protection insurance, and setting up a Central Liquidity Fund, among others. In the circumstances, the collapse of the vertical organization of the cooperative movement in the country is increasingly becoming evident.Another success of the liberalizing is that with liberalizing of the economy, banks such as The Cooperative Bank of Kenya have opened shareholding to individual members of co-operative societies as was duly recommended by their societies in 1996. The bank has however, retained its association with the co-operative movement by restricting 70% of the shares to co-operatives while individual members of societies hold only 30% of the shares and are not entitled to attend the annual general meeting of the ann.. This has helped to keep out private shareholders who might have bought out the bank as has been the case in other African countries.The coming of this policy framework also saw the International Cooperative Alliance's (CA) cooperative principles of voluntary and open membership, democratic member control; member- economic participation, autonomy and independence, education, training, cooperation among cooperatives; and concern for community became formally incorporated in the cooperative policy. The 1997 policy failed to provide for the separation of the responsibilities of elected management committees from managerial staff responsibilities.Consequently, management decisions were still made by elected leaders that may not be qualified managers. In such response to the inadequacies of the 1997 policy, the Ministry formulated a revised policy framework titled â€Å"Kenya Cooperative Development Policy 2008†. The 2008 policy themed at ‘expanding the economic space for sustainable cooperative growth in Kenya', focused on restructuring, strengthening and transforming cooperatives into vibrant economic entities that can confront the challenges of wealth creation, employment creation and poverty reduction as private business ventures.To date the policy is still up and running. After the fall of Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives KNIFE, the interim Board started developing the strategy in 2007 by holding provincial consultative meetings that focused on how to revive the organization. This culminated in the National Cooperative Leaders Conference in November in 2007, which endorsed a new governance structure, revised By-Laws (2008) and a new funding strategy.The revised By-Laws (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, Bibb) proposed a governance structure consisting of a secretariat composed of the Executive Director ND four heads of sections; a technical committee comprising of the Chief Executive Officers of Nachos; the General Assembly as the supreme authority consisting of 75 elected delegates; and the National Governing Council as the executive authority comprising of eight Chairmen of Nachos, seven elected regional representatives, the Commissioner for Cooperative Development and the Executive Director.The By-Laws also address the need for strengthening of the financial capacity of KNIFE, as they propose a graduated sc ale of annual contribution by members based on the type of cooperative organization and annual turnover. This amends have helped to shape the federation up to date with increased number of people. The revitalization program has charted a new direction for the organization, as it restricted its activities to the core objective for which it was formed. That is, to be the mouth-piece of the cooperative movement in Kenya by engaging in advocacy, lobbying, collaboration and networking activities.At the end of the revitalization process, the investment in institutional capacity building of KNIFE should has enabled it to address wealth creation and poverty alleviation of the cooperative movement. Liberalizing has rough about growth of banks such as the Cooperative Bank of Kenya. The Bank has not only been instrumental in providing banking services to cooperatives, but has also been the source of affordable credit for the cooperative movement. For instance, today it lends approximately EKES 3. 5 billion (USED $46. Million) annually to Cacaos, in order to increase their liquidity levels so that they can meet member demands for loans associated with school fees. Moreover, the Cooperative Bank still serves as a mechanism through which most donors to the agricultural sector, particularly those that produce coffee, can channel their support. This has allowed the Cooperative Bank to network with many donors, such as Food Aid Organization (FAA), and the European Union, among others. In the financial sector, CACAOS are also increasingly becoming innovative by developing new products to enhance their income.For instance there's some diversification of traditional products of savings and credit of Coco's by introducing Front Surviving liberalizing: the cooperative movement in Kenya Front Office Service Activity (FOSS). FOSS offers services that members can use to process their monthly salary, while having access to instant cash advances (based n their salary) and maintaining wi thdrawal savings deposits. Currently, slightly over 250 CACAOS operate with this activity in Kenya.In addition, the COCO movement is quickly spreading from its traditional urban and wage employment strongholds into the agricultural sector in rural areas and informal economy. As a success liberalizing has enabled the setup of free market cooperative entities that have led many people to derive their Jobs from marketing products produced by cooperatives. For instance, dairy cooperatives produce various products such as fresh ilk, ghee, butter and yoghurt; while other agricultural cooperatives market coffee, fish, pyrometer and eggs. These products are then passed on to other entities to market to retailers, wholesalers and consumers.To date this trend continues and has helped reduce poverty and provide employment as it was the expectation of the 1996 framework policy paper. Liberalizing has made Cooperatives to be sources of income by generating opportunities for many people, particul arly members of cooperatives. In 2007, primary cooperatives in the agricultural sector had a membership of 1 approximately 50% of whom were estimated to be active. The CACAOS had 6,286,894 members, 98% whom were active in the lending activities of their cooperatives. The other non-agricultural primary cooperatives had a total membership of 334,000, with approximately 50 per cent active.These figures are clear pointers to the significant contribution of cooperatives to poverty reduction and poverty prevention in Kenya to date. This is particularly true as most of the income generated from cooperatives is mainly used to address long-term poverty prevention measures. Liberalizing has brought focus on cooperatives to the core activities of operatives, including agribusiness, entrepreneurship, savings and credit advancement regulations, leadership and governance of cooperatives, and the economic benefits of membership in cooperatives, among others.It is apparent that any cooperative that doesn't provide Economic gains in Kenya tends to be deserted by the members. This is evidenced by dormancy that cooperatives are currently experiencing. A few activities of such successful cooperative ventures could be viewed as attempts at offering social protection to the members and this has brought the growth in some cooperatives in the country. As an advantage the framework policy has seen transformation of the cooperative movement where benevolent funds have been introduced in most CACAOS to which members contribute regularly and only draw from them when they are bereaved.The schemes define the relatives in whose death the member would get assistance to meet the burial expenses, as well as the respective amount of money to which he/ she would be entitled. Gracefully the institutionalizing of the framework paper policy and liberalizing has seen the transformation of the Cooperative Insurance Company(ClC). This company has the ore business of giving protection against risks ass ociated with operation of cooperative enterprise, as well as cooperators themselves.Significant ICC has also developed a micro-finance insurance scheme specifically for covering savings of micro-finance institutions (Miff) in case a person with a loan passes away before completing repayment. Negative aspects of the liberalizing of cooperatives Consequently, the immediate impact on most co-operatives was mainly negative. The elected leaders abused the freedom bestowed on them and to the detriment of many cooperative societies.Corruption cases; gross mismanagement by officials; theft of operative resources; split of viable co-operatives into small uneconomic units; failure by employers to surrender members' deposits to co-operatives (particularly Cacaos); failure to hold elections in co-operatives; favoritism in hiring and dismissal of staff; refusal by co-operative officials to vacate office after being duly voted out; conflict of interest among co-operative officials; endless litiga tion; unauthorized co- operative investments; and illegal payments to the management committees were increasingly reported in many co-operatives and up to date the trend is till continuing though at a reduced scale.Though there's a surge of cooperative societies the indication is that up to date there's recorded numbers of dormant cooperative societies. In 2004, the Kenya Union of Savings and credit cooperatives actually estimated that 42% of the cooperative societies were dormant. The number is still increasing and this isn't beneficial to the eradication of poverty through employment and innovation. The relative poor performance of agricultural cooperatives could also be attributed to the liberalizing of the co-operative sector without adequately preparing the co-operatives. There's also the element of over dependence of the agriculture sector, which leads to failure unexpectedly. Liberalizing has brought about immense changes in the cooperative movement.The Kenya National Federat ion of Cooperatives was the national apex of cooperative movements in Kenya. Its dominance declined drastically due to corruption and mismanagement reason being that poor management over the years saw KNIFE deviate from its core business into other activities, such as auditing, education and training as well as research and consultancy. Such activities were already being performed by some of its members, and subsequently KNIFE ended up competing with some of its members hat were offering the same services to the cooperative movement. In the circumstances some cooperatives found no reason for being members of a federation that they saw as a competitor.However its quick revival was established in 2005 after the then minister of cooperatives dissolved Knife's Board of Directors and replaced it with an interim board (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, AAA). Interim Board of Directors that was appointed by the Minister in May 2005 immediately embarked upon developing strategies f or reform and restructuring to revivalist the organization (Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives, 2007). As a active impact KNIFE has largely been ineffective in representing the cooperative movement during policy and legal processes. As an example, it failed to effectively participate and influence changes to the 1997 Cooperative Societies Act that produced the Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act, 2004.KNIFE started monopolizing donor support after the ACT had been enacted to hold consultations on the implications of the Act, which was too late to achieve any impact. Perhaps this also explains the absence of cooperatives in national development debates. KNIFE has lacked even up to date the urge to influence policy and legislative debates in Kenya, aging it difficult to improve the visibility of the cooperative movement. This is surely a liberalizing downfall a thing that the paper framework couldn't expect to happen. As a negative effect liberalizing has reduced government s upport since autonomy was given to the private sector this free market approach has unfortunately brought to the decline of, the number of trainees from Cooperative college of Kenya.Cooperatives attending the college have been reducing since the liberalizing due to the tremendous reduction in government sponsorship to the cooperative movement for training purposes. Left on their own, most cooperatives, especially in the agricultural sector, have been unable to raise the required fees for their staff to train at the college. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the impact of liberalizing has seen cooperatives survive the market forces and open up more enterprising innovations that secure the welfare of employees. Successfully much legislation has been put in place that is still working up to date and this has helped to attract more members to cooperatives. On the downside corruption is still rampant as the societies grow new schemes are being hatched to hamper the progress of the cooperatives.

Immigration and U.S. Citizenship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1259 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Citizenship Essay Did you like this example? Citizenship is hard to come by for immigrants currently living in the United States. Immigrants, whether here illegally or not, make up for about thirty-five million of the population. Each individual or family came to the United States for their own reasons. Some left their own country due to war or hard times while others better lives. The immigrants who are already in the United States have an opportunity to become a citizen, but the process may take years. Should both legal and illegal immigrants be able to get citizenship? Currently, there are two different types of immigrants. Those who came to the United States lawfully and those who came undocumented or illegally. Nearly 34 million lawful immigrants live in the United States (Krogstad 1) and in addition, roughly 1 million unauthorized immigrants have temporary permission to live and work in the U.S. (Krogstad 1). There is a program going on that is directed to the families who have lasting residency that allows a person from the outside to have a green card as long as they have immediate family members living as an actual U.S. citizen. This helps secure rights to safely live in the United States. Without it, becoming a citizen would become harder. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Immigration and U.S. Citizenship" essay for you Create order Illegal immigrants may have come for no bad intentions at all, but at the White House, they are [considered] [outsiders], criminals who [risk] American neighborhoods, take American jobs, [take] American resources and [take advantage of] American generosity (Yee 2). Those illegal immigrants just wanted to come to the country to get to a better place. To the people in the office, the immigrants are no more than taking everything America has to offer. The most common type people to be associated with immigration are the Mexicans. This is not true as almost a quarter are not even Hispanic (Yee 2). Despite all this, these immigrants tend to follow the laws and doing everything a typical American family does. The Trump administration still says just being in the United States without any clear authorization is illegal. The Obama administration had a different approach to this. Any illegal immigrant who did not do any major crimes would be allowed to stay; as long as those same immigrants c heck in with an immigration agent every year, they are free to stay and continue working. The Trump administration is still going to deport immigrants with severe criminal records, but the new policies also take aim at immigrants whose offenses are limited to living here without permission or minor crimes that enable immigrants to work (Yee 6). The immigrants had no choice in getting what they need to work. They may have used fake Social Security numbers, but what other way would they get what they need to work without risking going back to where they originated? The immigrants have also been driving without a drivers license. They may have been doing something illegal, but they did it to support their families. To prevent this, visas are given to the immigrants that register for it. Visas tend to expire. Once they do, it may be difficult to renew them. Nothing may be done and [s]ome people think [the immigrants] come [to the United States] and overstay their visas intentionally (Yee 9). Overstaying the visas causes all the current families to risk deportation. There is l ittle that can be done to prevent going back to where they originated. A person may have an expired visa despite having a good job and a steady life. Rebeca, whose last name remains hidden for personal concerns, was one of these victims of having her visa expired. She was originally from Venezuela working as a television reporter. In the United States, she found work as a nanny, then got a job as a designer at a clothing business in Southern California (Yee, 9). The only reason why she left Venezuela was so she can avoid all the death threats and attacks she was receiving. This is an example of how just one person, who got a better life, can have everything taken away from them. One proposal to stop anyone from immigrating to their family for a green card is a sort of point-based system. How the system works is it prioritizes the admission of immigrants with certain education and employment qualifications (Krogstad 2). The system would favor more immigrants who would have a higher education than most other immigrants. Without a proper qualification in education, it is most likely they will not make it into citizenship. Being an optimal worker may counter education, but no matter the case there will always be someone left out. This system would help the American people keep their jobs by limiting the number of immigrants that come in. With constant complaints about immigrants taking their jobs, they wouldnt have to worry about it if the point-based system passes under the current administration. Another method for immigrants receiving green cards is the visa lottery. This sort of lottery lets about 50,000 people receive green cards (Krogstad 3). Immigrants that benefit more from this are the ones who came from countries that arent represented well. This means more well-known countries cant benefit from it. Two of these countries that cant benefit from it are Mexico and China. They are unable to gain any visas through the lottery because they have a bigger presence in America. Such situation isnt so bad as the population would go on to being diverse with lesser known countries. President Trump wants this sort of lottery to be gone. Removing a random lottery would stop more immigrants coming into the United States. Simply decreasing the population of the immigrants would be increasing any sort of jobs available. The Trump administration is focusing on making more jobs for the available public. Cutting out programs that are in place brings those jobs for the American people. Simply getting a visa takes from ten to twenty years. During the 18th century, there were no illegal immigrants in the United States (Cohen 1). The only ones there who would be close to being illegal were the British Loyalists. These Loyalists were the very same ones who fought back the Americans during the Revolutionary War. When America was formed, the Loyalists wanted to be citizens. Surprisingly, they and their families made up approximately 20 percent of the population (Cohen 1). A case was held in the Supreme Court in the year of 1805. This case made the Loyalists citizens. Not only did the case provide citizenship for the Loyalists, they also provided the foundation to creating citizenship to the immigrants who would come into the United States on their own free will. This may be the case as of now, but the American people still dont want the illegal immigrants to be citizens. They are afraid that the undocumented or temporary workers who have lived [in America] for years will trivialize [the] immigration laws (Cohen 3). With so many undocumented immigrants and temporary workers in the country, immigration laws would start to seem irrelevant. Immigrants should be given their opportunities to get citizenship. It shouldnt matter if they came to the United States illegally or not. These immigrants have left their countries to be able to escape their past or get away from war. Visas are helpful, but it would only last for a limited time; once that visa expires, deportation would be imminent. Everything they have worked for during the visa would be gone. Coming to the United States illegally is a risk in itself, so earning the right to become a citizen for both legal and illegal immigrants should be rewarding.

Advanced English Tense Review (ESL, EFL, TESL, TOEFL)

Its back-to-school time. Before you or your students get down to studying the specifics of various grammar structures, it is a good idea to review the basic English tenses. If you are an advanced student, a review will help remind you of the tenses and also point out any weaknesses or insecurity that you may have. If you are an upper-level student but not yet aware of all the tenses, these exercises will make a good introduction to some of the important structures ahead. For an overview of conjugation in detail of all 12 tenses in English, use the tense tables for reference. Teachers can use theses guides on how to teach tenses for further activities and lesson plans in class The following exercises serve two purposes: Re-familiarization of standard tense names Tense conjugation practice The first exercise is very important as you may not remember exactly the names of the various tenses. This exercise will help you remember the names of the tenses. Once you have finished the first exercise, read the text through one more time to familiarize yourself with it completely. Go on to the next exercise that asks you to conjugate the verbs in the extract. You should be very familiar with the extract so you can concentrate on the correct conjugation. Notice how the tenses relate to each other in time. Remember that many verbs are conjugated based on how they relate to one another. Teachers can use these exercises in class by using the following lesson plan which includes the exercises in a format useful for the classroom. Tense Review Lesson Plan and Materials Here is the original text. Once you have finished, click on the exercise link to begin exercise one. John has always traveled a lot. In fact, he was only two years old when he first flew to the US. His mother is Italian and his father is American. John was born in France, but his parents had met in Cologne, Germany after they had been living there for five years. They met one day while Johns father was reading a book in the library and his mother sat down beside him. Anyway, John travels a lot because his parents also travel a lot. As a matter of fact, John is visiting his parents in France at the moment. He lives in New York now, but has been visiting his parents for the past few weeks. He really enjoys living in New York, but he also loves coming to visit his parents at least once a year. This year he has flown over 50,000 miles for his job. He has been working for Jackson Co. for almost two years now. Hes pretty sure that hell be working for them next year as well. His job requires a lot of travel. In fact, by the end of this year, hell have traveled over 120,000 miles! His next journey will be to Australia. He really doesnt like going to Australia because it is so far. This time he is going to fly from Paris after a meeting with the companys French partner. Hell have been sitting for over 18 hours by the time he arrives! John was talking with his parents earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York telephoned to let him know that Jackson Co. had decided to merge with a company in Australia. The two companies had been negotiating for the past month, so it really wasnt much of a surprise. Of course, this means that John will have to catch the next plane back to New York. Hell be meeting with his boss at this time tomorrow. Follow the links to begin the exercise: Exercise One: Tense Identification Exercise Two: Tense Conjugation

Emerson’s Unifying Philosophy Essay - 1143 Words

Throughout human existence, scholars have earnestly pursued knowledge and the attainment of truth. Historical figures such as Plato, Descartes, and Emerson sought answers to daunting questions of: ‘What is truth?’; ‘What is reality?’; ‘How is wisdom acquired?’ Many scholars believe these philosophers presented conflicting viewpoints: Plato encouraging skepticism among all previous historical, cultural, and personal perspectives; Descartes questioning definitions of reality and his very existence; Emerson encouraging self-trust and confidence in one’s ideals, opinions, and convictions. Surprisingly, reconciliation can be reached from these three differing hypotheses. Emerson’s thesis merely expounds from Descartes and Plato’s†¦show more content†¦Descartes’ revelation establishes a confidence of his existence. His meditations of reality and personal identity provide Emerson a foundation to perceive the co ncept of ‘self-trust’. Emerson’s exploration and definition of ‘self-trust’ merge his philosophies with those of Descartes and Plato. First and foremost, Emerson indicates a distinction between ‘Man Thinking’ and ‘thinkers’. Emerson argues thinkers â€Å"start wrong, [and] set out from accepted dogmas† giving no credence to â€Å"their own sight of principles† (Emerson 126). Contrastingly, ‘Man Thinking’ indicates action; Emerson clarifies â€Å"[Man Thinking] looks forward: the eyes of man are set in his forehead, not in his hindhead: man hopes: genius creates† (Emerson 127). Emerson argues one engages in self-trust by creating instead of being shaped by accepted assumptions and ideals. Furthermore, Emerson asserts the essential application of knowledge. Action propels scholar’s ideals forward and without it, â€Å"thought can never ripen into truth† (Emerson 128). Ac tion, Emerson argues, enables â€Å"the transition through which [the preamble of thought] passes from the unconscious to the conscious† (Emerson 128). Becoming ‘Man Thinking’ is only possible through application of thought, and only then, is one able to exercise trust in personal beliefs, ideals, and perspectives. Additionally, Emerson argues childhood and life experiences develop wisdom and understandingShow MoreRelatedChristopher Johnson Mccandless s Transcendentalism2535 Words   |  11 Pagesmeaning of it with the quote, â€Å"This philosophy, which rested on the premise of a unifying transcendent or spiritual energy that generated all reality and held it in unity, came to be known as transcendentalism† (Robinson 1173). It’s basically about human-being related to the reality of invisible interspace of living. In order to strenuously insist this idea, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau wrote several articles that reveal their transce ndentalisms. Emerson’s idea about self-reliance describedRead MoreHenry David Thoreau Essay3362 Words   |  14 Pagesmarket. It was also at this time in his life that David Henry had his name changed to Henry David. In time, Thoreau became good friends with R.W. Emerson and Emerson took on the role of Thoreaus mentor. Thoreau found support in Emersons individualism and philosophies. Both men took a transcendental view of the world. In 1839, Thoreau and his brother John reopened the Concord Academy. They then took a boating trip on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers to Hooksett, New Hampshire, and to Mount WashingtonRead MoreHow Fa Has the Use of English Language Enriched or Disrupted Life and Culture in Mauritius15928 Words   |  64 Pagesmany characteristics of the human condition. He discusses human emotion, death, and mankind’s relationship with nature as a way to sanctify the individual and to distinguish the individual from the masses. Walt Whitman was very much aware of the philosophy of transcendentalism, the ideology which prizes individual self-knowledge as the key to true understanding. In Part 16, he describes what it means to be human by highlighting the solidarity that he himself feels with mankind. â€Å"I am of old and youngRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesand financial returns. Management Values Fundamental values must be addressed in many human resource issues, particularly those involved in major strategic initiatives. When senior managers formulate and implement strategies, their values and philosophies are communicated to members of the organization through human resource policies and practices.7 For example, senior managers who are Page 6 STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Section One committed to the preservation of the organization’s

A case study of corporate social responsibility a sustainable tool of companies’ development in vietnam free essay sample

1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Corporate social responsibility: an overall view The term â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility† (CSR) has popularly been applied over the world and is still on aggressive debates among corporations, governments, professionals, and communities. CSR is the further development of business ethics being promoted in 1980. At first, CSR is a performance about good actions but today it becomes the common thinking of most people and organizations. For society as a whole, CSR benefits the global market by increasing the competition among organizations across borders to comply with the standards. For policy makers, CSR is the obligation of companies with customers, employees, authority agencies, and any related parties. In Europe, CSR is used as an economic tool or the trade barrier in Western countries (Breitbarth et al, 2011). For corporations, CSR is the responsibility of conducting business activities based on the commitment to balance stakeholders’ interests and contribute to the sustainable development of organizations. The goal of CSR is to embrace responsibility for the companys actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, CSR-focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. Together with other traditional factors as costs, products’ 9 quality, shares price, after introduced, CSR is also considered in evaluating company’s performance. Moreover, bbusinesses expressed their concern for social welfare on the basis of the whole. CSR was established and flourish for several reasons. One is that companies must be more difficult to protect its reputation and expansion they protect the environment where business and government must be more aggressive with them. Second, the spread of non-governmental organizations and the organization is willing to fight with multinational companies as these companies have made a mistake. Thirdly, a series of evaluation and ranking organizations put pressure on companies to report both financial and non-financial results CSR has three layers. The first layer is charity activities. Returning something to the community is considered as a right thing to do. The second layer is the risk management. Beginning in the 1980s, when environmental disasters happened such as explosions in the pesticide factory in Bhopal (India), and Exxon case of broken Valdex ship causing oil spill near Alaska, the reputation of industrial companies had been damaged. The big pharmaceutical companies were criticized for refusing to provide drugs for people infected with HIV / AIDS in developing countries. In clothing and footwear companies like Nike or GAP was attacked for using child labor. The companies responded by trying to manage risks. They discussed with nongovernmental organizations and the government to set up rules of behavior (code of conduct) and to commit to greater transparency in their activities. They met with their rivals in the same industry to establish general rules, sharing of risks and opinions. Implementing CSR will create value for the company. In general, CSR’s issues related to protect environment, save society’s benefits and consumers’ one, commit to the safety and the rights of employees in company, and 10 ensure shareholders’ benefits. There are some illustrative examples of successfully implementing CSR to enhance the company’s image. Starbucks apply strategies of Fair Trade certified ingredients and engaging in community-based development projects. Unlike Starbucks, Bodyshop-a Korean beauty product initiative- has built a globally natural inspired image and set up CSR strategy: â€Å"saying NO to animal testing†. 1. 2. CSR in Vietnam Despite the widespread of CSR implementation over the world, this term is still a new topic to the Vietnamese market. As Vietnam joined WTO in 2007, Vietnamese organizations must be aware of an internationally competitive market with new strict rules and standards and CSR is one of requirements from foreign clients and partners. The most important objective of a firm’s operation is to maximize the shareholders wealth. In order to achieve this long-term goal, corporations should not only concentrate on profit maximization but also their future image. CSR will contribute to a better goodwill and enhance the business development. Vinamilk and Dutch Lady are real meaningful illustrations of CSR performance. Vinamilk created a social program called â€Å"Ten millions cup of milk to children in Vietnam†. And for each purchasing cup of Dutch Lady Milk, you saved a small amount of money for the rural and poor children who get the chance to receive the scholarship â€Å"Firefly Light†. The two have built the good social image to the media and public, and have received customer trust and loyalty. 11 In order to raise the awareness of domestic companies, Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) has set up an award called â€Å"CSR towards the sustainable development† since 2005. Vietnamese government has also amended and supplemented some Acts and Regulations to adapt the requirements of public. They are demonstrated in the amending of Labor Law 1994 in 2002 and 2006, which added provisions to protect workers’ rights, the replacement of Environmental Protection Law 1994 in 2005, and the investigation of polluting cases made by the Environmental Police Department (C36), which established in the end of 2006. Moreover, new established enterprises have to comply with numbers of standards to have the establishment license such as: ISO 9000 – the administration system of quality, ISO 14000 – the administration system of environment, SA 8000 – labor and social responsibility and ISO 26000 – the corporate social responsibility. 1. 3 Panasonic Vietnam Co. Ltd. Panasonic AVC Network Vietnam was firstly established in 1996 in Ho Chi Minh City as a member of Global Panasonic Corporations (GPC). In 2005, Panasonic Vietnam Co. Ltd. (PVCL) was known as the holding company of Panasonic Group in Vietnam. It has been expanded rapidly since the establishment and controlled 6 subsidiaries including Panasonic Sales, Panasonic RD Center, Panasonic Electronic Devices, Panasonic System Networks, Panasonic Home Appliances and Panasonic AVC Networks. Following the fundamental operating concepts of GPC, CSR is the vital aspect for PVCL. The slogan â€Å"a company as a public entity† is utilized through its primary business. It commits to improve society through products it produce and sell, to improve the society welfare and to protect the environment. 12 1. 4 Problem statement However, the CSR implementation is still limited because of the unawareness of â€Å"How important is CSR? † and â€Å"How can CSR affect the long-term growth? † as well as the lack of technical and financial resources (especially small and medium companies). This is the reason for the occurrence of damaging cases in recent years. According to latest statistics, out of more than 100 industrial parks in Vietnam, up to 80% are violating environmental regulations (Tap chi cong san, 2010). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has hold more inspection teams throughout the local, and made a black list of enterprises which caused serious pollution and are capable of being closed. Vedan Vietnam has polluted the Thi Vai River and caused serious impacts to both the environment and nearby community. In 2008, the case was exposed to the public through the caught and accusation of Environmental Polices. Beside the Vedan case, food poisoning cases of Melanine Milk imported from China and 3-MCPD contained sauce, fraud in selling fuel, or hiring adolescents to manufacturing Nike shoes are the whistle blowing for the Vietnamese government. Although a lot of research has been conducted about CSR, very few studies are taken place in Vietnam. Because CSR is the hot issue, the benefits and drawbacks of CSR implementation reflect on the daily performance of organizations. Thus, the paper aims to examine whether CSR is the sustainable element for the development of Panasonic Vietnam Co. Ltd. in Vietnam. 13 In order to better understand CSR of recent companies, we need to answer some following questions: 1) Why and how does CSR related to PVCL’s growth? 2) How does PVCL implement CSR? 1. 5 Research objective The paper objective is to: Explain what is CSR Access the perception and understanding of individuals of CSR concept Build theoretical model and inspect the relationship between CSR and the firms’ development Raise awareness of individual employees, investors and the company about CSR as the whole, and, Recommend possible solutions to improve the perception and awareness of CSR effects on the business operations. 1. 6 Sphere of research Research conducting place: Panasonic Vietnam Co. Ltd. , Hanoi, Vietnam. Objective of the research: multinational companies operating in Vietnam. Time duration of conducting: from August 12th, 2011 to October 10th, 2011. 14 1. 7 Research Methods The project will use the survey and interview methods. The research distributes the questionnaire and conducts the study among the managers and employees in PVCL. Each individual will be questioned and then will fill the most appropriate answers in the survey. The previous researches and studies are also investigated to construct the questionnaire. The measurement is made in accordance with the past researches. Both quantitative and qualitative are used to carrying out the research. By surveying the managers and employees in PVCL; results and conclusions can be analyzed to assess the awareness and implementation of CSR of managers and employees. 1. 8 Structure of research This project will be divided into five following chapters: Chapter I: Introduction Chapter II: Literature review Chapter III: Research Methodology Chapter IV: Finding and Result Analysis Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation 15 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Definition of CSR CSR is also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business. Since the concept of CSR emerges in the business literature, academic researchers and non-academic advocators have given out numerous definitions. According to Carroll (1999), the construction of CSR definition started in the 1950s. It was widening in the 1960s and proliferated during the 1970s (Liangrong Zu, 2008). Even though there is no single commonly accepted definition of CSR. Bowen (1953) defined CSR as â€Å"an obligation to pursue policies to make decisions and follow lines of action which are compatible with the objectives and values of society† (Hussein, 2006). MaGuire (1963) expressed the view â€Å"the idea of social responsibility supposes that the corporations have not only economic and legal obligations, but also certain responsibilities to society which extend beyond these obligations. † In 1975 Votaw and Sethi stated that CSR is â€Å"bringing corporate behavior up to level where it is congruent with the prevailing social norms, values and expectations. † And there are also some other different definitions of CSR which indicated there. Following Wikipedia, Corporate social responsibility is a form of corporate selfregulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, selfregulating mechanism whereby business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. The goal of CSR is to embrace responsibility for the companys actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, 16 communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, CSR-focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest (PI) by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. CSR is the deliberate inclusion of PI into corporate decision-making that is the core business of the company or firm, and the honoring of a triple bottom line: people, planet, profit. Or Mallen Baker also said that â€Å"CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. However, the most modern and accepted definition of CSR is built by World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). CSR means â€Å"the continuing commitment by business to contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as community and society at large. † The emphasis of this definition is that business activities are mandated by laws, and expected moral or ethical nature. It is the voluntary commitment which demonstrates socially responsible operations and performance of the firm. And the firm has to consider both human and environment aspects because CSR will benefit the firm by improving financial performance; enhancing brand image and reputation; increasing sales and customers loyalty; increasing ability to attract and retain skilled employees; risk management; reducing regulatory oversight; and somehow reducing operating costs (Fernando, 2010). 17 2. 2. 2. 2. 1 CSR models Social-Economic Model of CSR This model has two distinctive arguments on social and economic dimensions of CSR. Cited in Liangrong Zu (2008), Bhide and Stvenson-1990; Friedman-1989, 1970, 1968; and Gaski-1985, on one hand, represented their view of a single dimension activity in which companies were in charge of supplying goods and services to society at a profit. They emphasized on the cost of social involvement of business and only considered profit as the measurement of business efficiency. On the other hand, Steiner and Steiner, 1997; Quazi, 1997; Quazi and Cool, 1996; and Samli 1992 accessed business in a social matrix contributing to society welfare as a whole and agreed that business is a part of large society. They also went beyond the view of profit maximization in the short-run. They understand the complexity of social responsibility in the new era; hence the second dimension is initiated. 2. 2. 2 The two-dimension model Quazi and O’Brien (2000) developed a two-dimension model and tested its validity in the context of two countries: Australia and Bangladesh. The model is illustrated in Figure 1. 18 Figure 1: A two-dimensional model of CSR (Quazi and O’Brien, 2000) This model has two axes. The horizontal one has two extremes: Narrow CSR and Wide CSR. The Narrow view demonstrates the perception of business in the classical sense that is supplying goods and services leading to profit maximization within the political regulations. Conversely, the Wide view take into account a broader context, the wider expectations of society such as environmental protection, community development, resource conversation and philanthropic giving. The Vertical axe shows two extremes: Benefits and Costs of CSR Action. One is implementing social costs in the short term; the other is long term benefits received from social actions. Thus the model has four quadrants: Classical View, Socialeconomic View, Modern View, and Philanthropic view. 19 2. 2. 3 Carroll pyramid Also under the social-economic view, Carroll (1979, 1983, and 1991) developed the Pyramid of CSR model (Figure 2). Carroll’s Pyramid of CSR includes 4 responsibilities in economy, legal, ethical, and philanthropy. Economy responsibility is illustrated by the effective growing of the company. It can be understood as an obligation of the company to produce what are demanded and result the beneficial profit. Furthermore, the company must care about looking for sources of labor and materials, attempt to find new resources or substitutes, update the advanced technology, research and development strategies. It also considered as the priority target because any company was established to earn profit. Other responsibility of company must base upon the economic responsibility of company. Company is treated as â€Å"a person† under the law, so obeying the law is the next responsibility of the company. Every locations and bordered areas have its own set of law and regulations for conducting and running the business. This is the compulsory things that are regulated and governed by the state authorities. Although the profit maximization is vital to the business operations, legal requirements is a measure of true and fair decisions to increase the trust and loyalty from customers. Ethical in business is mentioned many times while in today business, some companies accept doing any things to earn profit, even they cross the basic business ethic. So, besides the law, companies also must perform ethical responsibility. Ethical responsibility is the expectation of the public and society to the company that is going beyond the legal requirements. After all, companies should contribute back to society by doing philanthropy. This is mainly about set principle and moral values in the organization’s strategies. By this way, they can improve people’s life, and make their image be more well-known. This categories consist of almost business activities. 20 Figure 2: Carroll’s Pyramid of CSR (1991) 2. 3 Stakeholder model of CSR Enterprises are operating in a complex-relation market. Stakeholder theorists argue that the conventional input-output model fails to recognize the complex and diverse correlations. Freeman (1984) indicated that firms have different interactions with many constituent groups and the enterprises’ success is influenced negatively or positively by stakeholders. Figure 3 and 4 show the two different stakeholders groups: market stakeholders and non-market stakeholders (Adapted from Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public policy, 12th edition, Anne T. Lawrence, James Weber, 2008). Market stakeholders (shareholders, creditors, customers, distributors, employees, suppliers, wholesalers and retailers) are those related in daily economic transactions with the company; inversely, non-market stakeholders (community, governments, activist groups, media, business support groups and general public) are those not engaged in direct economic exchange with the firm. 21 Shareholders Creditors Employees Business Firm Suppliers Customers Wholesalers Retailers Distributors Figure 3: Market stakeholders Communities Media Governments Business Firm Activist group General public Business Support groups Figure 4: Non-market stakeholders 22 Under the Stakeholder Theory, a company has to consider the two aspects: ethic and management. According to Deegan (2009), all stakeholders have the right to be treated fairly under the ethical perspective. That means the organization’s responsibility is not to give the power for preferential stakeholders but all. However, under management view of Stakeholder Theory, Buhr (2002) stated that the company only responds to these stakeholders that affect its daily operation. The more power stakeholders possess, the more probability the company acts on their interests and expectations (Friedman and Miles, 2002). Therefore, the non-market stakeholders are receiving little or even no attention as the market stakeholders. 2. 4 Other theories The theory of three Ps (Planet – People – Profit) is related to the Carroll’s â€Å"Pyramid of CSR†. Three Ps are Planet, People, Profit, and this theory linked to how the company performs its business. Depended on the strategy of companies, those three Ps can be replaced in some different ways. They can be Planet – People – Profit, means that company cares about the whole environment, people in the society, and its last attention is profit. Other replacement can be Profit –People – Planet, which means the priority of the company is profit, after that is people, and the last thing they care is the planet. Based on how the company places those three Ps, we can understand the priority in its business performance. Other concept which is usually mentioned with CSR is Public Relation (PR). PR can be understood as the action using media to perform effective transfer messages to public. This action is performed with the purpose of changing the publics actions by influencing their opinions. PR also helps companies supporting their brand name 23 among many competitors in market. Thus, PR is one of managing functions which helps company building and maintaining the relationship with society and customers. Through good implementation of CSR, a company can make good PR about itself then consolidate its brand in market. 2. 5 CSR reporting CSR report is voluntary statement. CSR report can be a framework to present a good image for the shareholders and stakeholders. CSR reporting is positively related to the activities of companies and enterprises are paying more attention to such reports. CSR reporting framework is to improve corporate governance and competitive advantage to achieve sustainable development. Carroll Buchholtz (2000) comment on the finding that CSR has brought some changes in the relationship business and social approach to stakeholder management is a necessary response. CSR reporting has increased significantly improved with the period from 2002 to 2005. CSR reporting form has seen a big change from full environmental report for sustainable development (including issues of social, environmental and economic). Businesses with annual CSR reports agree that business should look at CSR as one of two aspects for business solutions such as reducing risk and create competitive advantage. CSR has just such an exception in social ethics and an exception to exist and compete in business. 2. 6 Sustainability The objective of profit maximization, nowadays, is not the first priority for the firms’ operation. There is a movement from profit in the short-run towards the value 24 in the long-run. The shift happens because entities care about the sustainability and the development of the organizations. The sustainability and development is related to three elements: People, Planet and Profit (3Ps). People (human capital) are an essential source contributing to the company’s success. Consequently, in order to retain a good workforce, firms must commit to provide a safe and convenient working environment, to give employees opportunities for further training and education, to offer fully insurance and heath requirements based on labor laws, and to treat equally to all employees. The company also provides the satisfied remuneration package to motivate the employees’ performance. Planet element is about the environment. The company has been prohibited from the unethical activities so that can cause damages to the environment. Thi Vai River’ pollution is a whistle-blowing for all firms operate in Vietnam. Any activities leading to pollution and destruction of natural resources will result a bad reputation. To enhance the view of public and media, some companies improving their responsibility by building parks and holding social events like preservation environment campaigns. The final aspect contribute to the sustainability of firms is profit. By acting ethically, firms save fined costs and gain opportunities cost from an ethical reputation. This is an increase for the firm profit. 2. 7 CSR in Vietnam The literature of CSR has been emerged in Vietnam in recent years. Since Vietnam is till a developing economy, most businesses in small and medium-scale adoption and 25 implementation of social responsibility of business has not been interested and broadly applied. Vietnams economy mainly centers around agricultural and forest products apart from mining and manufacturing. The CSR awareness and perception are vague and many companies believe that it is an added and unnecessary expense rather than a cost-saving measure. The greatest difficulty of Vietnamese enterprises today is information, leading to confusion and unclear direction where to start CSR implementation. According to The CSR Vietnam Forum, in order to bring CSR into actions, companies answer the two following questions: 1. The quality of their management both in terms of people and processes (the inner circle); and 2. The nature and quantity of their impact on society in the various areas. The Global Compact Network Vietnam (GCNV) recently held a meeting in Hanoi to discuss the ideas of CSR implementation into businesses. The three step stage is given our in order to increase the profile of CSR which at the first level argue about how to implement the basics of CSR. At the second level, companies will have to include the Global Compact framework to use CSR as a business strategy. And the final layer is about companies showing their commitment towards CSR and how to improve its profile within the organization. In order to support Vietnamese companies, the government has attempted to raise the business awareness about the importance and effects of CSR over the long-term development. The establishment of global standards for the firm’s operations is the basic step in the process. Moreover, many preferential policies have been applied to encourage the application of CSR. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 26 3. 1 Research objective Since Vietnam is an ideal market (a huge and cheap workforce, encouraging policies for development, cheap source of raw materials and so on), many multinational corporations has been set up in Vietnam. PVCL is one of these and it has a great impact on the Vietnamese market. Therefore the research intends to investigate the relationship of CSR and the sustainable development of SMEs. It evaluates: 1) the management attitude and perception toward CSR, 2) how the firm consider stakeholder interests through its performance, 3) CSR implementation in business, and 4) the relationship of CSR implementation and the corporate performance. Nowadays, managers use CSR as a tool to increase their organizations reputation; to improve the relationship of organization with society, consumers, workers; to increase the efficiency and effectiveness in their operation. However, managers in Vietnam organization do not have enough knowledge about the importance of CSR, so there is only little amount of companies in Vietnam integrate CSR. 3. 2 Research methodology There are two main types of methodology which are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative method is â€Å"to generate statistics through the use of large-scale survey research, using methods such as questionnaires or structured interviews† while qualitative method is is â€Å"to explore attitudes, behavior and experiences through such methods as interviews or focus groups†. On one hand, quantitative method obtains meanings from numbers. All collected data are numerical and standardized, and then are used to conduct diagrams and statistics. On the other hand, qualitative method 27 mainly derives meanings through words. Qualitative data which are non-standardized are classified into different categories. The analysis results from the use of conceptualization (Saunders et al. 2009). In the research, the mix of quantitative and qualitative methods is more used. 3. 3 Data source Primary data consist of information collected for the specific purpose at hand (Amstrong Kotler, 2007). Primary data can be obtained from survey, observation or experiment. Primary data has lots of advantages. Although primary data is usually expensive and time consuming, it is the most reliable form of data and supplies less biased form of data. By using primary data, researchers can have direct interaction with the customers. Beside the primary data, secondary data are also an effective source of information. Secondary data consist of information that already exists, having been collected for another purpose (Amstrong Kotler, 2007). Secondary data can come from newspaper, journal or internet source. In the range of the research, both primary and secondary sources are employed including newspaper, academic journal, books, internet, survey, and annual reports. 3. 4 Research tool Primary data is widely collected through research survey. In the paper, the questionnaires and personal interview are used. 28 3. 5 Data collection and processing 3. 5. 1 Sampling The target population is residents working in Hanoi. Hence, the sample frame is managers and employees working in Hanoi. In this paper, the simply random probability method is employed. According to Saunders et al. (2009), a larger sample size is more representative of the population from which they are drawn than the smaller one. Thus, the mean (average) of the sample is close to the mean of population known as the law of large numbers. The required sample size is a function of the precision of the estimates one wishes to achieve, the variability or variance, one expects to find in the population and the statistical level of confidence one wishes to use. Therefore, in the research, the sample size is 20 managers and 110 employees. 3. 5. 2 Questionnaires There are two patterns of the survey: managers and employees. The questionnaires are randomly sent to managers and employees of PVCL. The survey includes 10 questions and is divided into 3 parts: perception and attitudes toward CSR, awareness of stakeholder interest, and CSR implementation. The Five-points Likert scales which is includes: 1= strongly disagree; 2= disagree; 3 = neither agree nor disagree; 4 = agree; 5 = strongly agree will be used for three pattern survey. The questionnaires have been designed as four parts (Appendix). The first section is the personal information including: age and gender. The second one is questions about CSR perception and attitude including: 29 Question 1: I know about the term â€Å" CSR† Question 2: I fully understand about the term â€Å" CSR† Question 3: CSR is rather the obligation of large multinational companies than of SMEs Question 4: CSR is more relevant for the manufacturing industries than for the service sector The next part is about the awareness of stakeholder interest as the following: Question 5: The Company pays attention to the need and expectation of market stakeholders (customers, employees, creditors, suppliers, distributors, etc) Question 6: The interest of non-market stakeholders (community, media,) is NOT important to the company. And, the final section is about the CSR implementation. Question 7: The Company implements a code of ethics Question 8: A responsible company is a firm that strictly abides to labour and environmental laws Question 9: Responsible businesses go beyond what is required by law to make a positive impact on society and the environment Question 10: The company reporting systems encompass the environmental and/or sustainability reporting 30 3. 5. 3 Personal Interviews Managers of 30 SMEs are interviewed to assess the implementation of CSR and CSR effects on the companies’ performance. There are 2 interview questions: 1) How CSR is implemented in your company? 2) How does CSR have any connection to the company’s performance? 3. 5. 4 Delimitation There are few problems and issues of related survey. First, the survey is distributed only to the managers and employees of PVCL thus the survey answer may not indicate the overall knowledge and understanding of multinational corporations’ employees. Second, it is likely to collecting the biased and inaccurate data and information because some respondents try to express their broad knowledge and experience so the information is not sometimes useful and the respondents can answer the statements based on the most easiest and efficient manner. Because the information is sensitive, the respondents may refuse to answer due to its negative effects on the career. 3. 5. 5 Data Treatment After collecting the questionnaires and interview answers, raw data was typed and analyzed in Excel file. In order to assure the accuracy and precision of survey data, data treatment procedure is needed. The process of checking errors includes checking error due to wrong inputs: comparing with the original data, correcting wrong records. 31 32 4. RESULT ANALYSIS 4. 1

Italian Renaissance Essays - Art History, Visual Arts,

Italian Renaissance The Italian renaissance was as the name implies the rebirth of painting. This does not imply that all the advances of painting came from this period but that the masters learned to combine new and old. The list of artist who contributed to the advancement in painting during the renaissance is as diverse as the paintings. The Black Death (bubonic and pneumonic plague) caused an actual decline in art from the prosperity of the high Middle Ages. The plague killed almost a third of the people in Europe and the renaissance was the first advancement in the arts after this terrible devastation. The capital of the Tuscany region of Italy was Florence and this is where many of the new renaissance artist were trained. The renaissance, broadly considered covered the years between 1400 and 1600, although specialist do disagree on these dates. During this period artist were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been in the past but were now considered independent personalities. Masaccio made notable advances in the styles of paintings such as perspective, space, and surrounding his subjects in light and air. The next great step was in the mellowness and richness of colors used by Bellini. The complex strokes of color make the surrounding light and air almost inseparable from the figures. Bellini was a great artist and teacher who brought Venetian art onto the scene to the point that it was at the forefront of the Renaissance. The Painter Sandro Botticelli comes along as the next great painter after Masaccio. When you look at the painting Primavera 1482, you see the new, sharply contoured, slender form and rippling sinuous line that is synonymous with Botticelli. In the painting Botticelli catches the freshness of an early spring morning, with the pale light shining through the tall, straight trees, already laden with their golden fruit. The two paintings that are said to epitomize the renaissance are the Mona Lisa (1503-06) and the Last Supper (1495-97) by the master Leonardo da Vinci who was the elder of the Florentine masters. The observation of nature, firsthand investigations, and experimentation is what set him apart from his peers early on. Like Shakespeare he came from an insignificant background and fittingly described as a genius. The art of perspective was used extensively by Florentine artist Paolo Ucello (Paolo di Dono, 1397-1475), and this was shown very well in his painting The Hunt in the Forest, 1460's. The painting shows how well he used perspective the way everything in it is organized upon a distant and almost unseen stag, a vanishing stag: the vanishing point. The art of perspective is the representation of solid objects and three-dimensional space in accordance with our optical perception of these things. We actually see the world in perspective the way things get smaller as they are farther away. During the Renaissance northern Italy was one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. Genoa and Venice both had populations of around 100,000 by 1400 and were the main centers of trade. Florence, with a population of 55,000 was the center for manufacture and distribution. The renaissance continued with many great painters improving the different styles and colors in the fantastic world of painting and art.